The great mortality

While there is much that is not known about the great pestilence which struck Europe most savagely in 1348 to 1350, this much can be said: in all of human history, there has never been a most devastating event. The modern analysis of surviving records indicates that the mortality rate throughout Europe averaged at least 50 percent. In the course of three years, one of every two human beings died, victims of a plague for which there was no effective remedy.In most communities, the pestilence struck and killed within a few months while sweeping on to other communities, making the impact of the staggering death toll all the more devastating. . A good deal has been written about this pestilence, and John Aberth makes an admirable contribution with his small book, The Black Death: The Great Mortality of 1348-1350: A Brief History with Documents. Most of this book is documents from the period of the great pestilence, and these give insight into the suffering that swept across Europe during this period.When Aberth does interject comments, his observations are brief but thoroughly prescient. One of Aberth’s finest pieces is his comment on one of the great mysteries of the disease which destroyed so much of Europe. (Aberth 23-27) We do not know what it was. As Aberth notes, the term now commonly used for this disease, the Black Death, was not used by contemporaries. It was first coined in the sixteenth century. (Aberth 1) The modern reason for describing this disease as an outbreak of the Bubonic Plague is the outbreak of a similar, if much less devastating pestilence in Asia in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.(Aberth 1, 23; Herlihy 20-21) During that plague, microbiologists isolated a bacterium as the cause of the outbreak, and given the similarity of symptoms, historians posit that the pestilence that devastated Europe in 1348 to 1350 was a variety of the same plague. (Aberth 23-25) Aberth does a fine job of reviewing the strengths and the weakn esses of the modern discussion, including issues about the temperature at which plague-bearing fleas flourish (Aberth 25-26), and also the strengths and weaknesses of his medieval sources (Aberth 24-27) .After all, knowing nothing of bacteriology and painfully little about the behavior of fleas and rats, medieval chroniclers were could hardly predict what modern scientists would like to know about the details of the disease their forebears encountered. As Aberth concludes, there are several problems with the conclusion that the pestilence of 1348 was the bubonic plague, but there are even greater difficulties with any alternative explanation that has been offered. (Aberth 26-27)Part of the difficulty with the notion that the pestilence was the bubonic plague lies with the fact that the flea which commonly carries the plague bacillus prefers to inhabit rats rather than humans, and will abandon the rat only when it dies of the plague and its body begins to cool. (ABerth 25-26; Herlihy 21-23) Reflecting this fact, modern outbreaks of the bubonic plague have been marked by the widespread death of rats. Albert Camus mentions this occurrence as the first sign of the arrival of the pestilence in his novel, The Plague.While some medieval sources do mention the widespread death of rats, it is not widely mentioned. However, the failure of these sources to mention a particular occurrence is questionable evidence from which to argue that something did not occur. For a wide variety of reasons, medieval chroniclers may not have connected the death of rats with the outbreak of the plague. Aberth also mentions that fleas can hide for long periods of time in grain, one of the items frequently carried along the routes which the plague followed.(Aberth 25-27; Ziegler 16, Horrax 7-8), Another difficulty which modern scholars have encountered is that the symptoms of the plague as described in the medieval documents do not match closely the symptoms noted in early twentieth century victims of the plague. Here Aberth shows his understanding of the complex scientific literature in the field, noting that plague bacillus has been shown to have a remarkable capacity for mutation, so that it is quite possible that what swept through Europe wasa particularly virulent mutation of the plague, a strain causing symptom somewhat different from those encountered in modern pandemics. (Aberth 26) The effects of the plague have been debated almost since they first occurred. Some historians contend that, especially in England, the plague so reduced that number of available laborers as to raise their standard of living as employers had to compete for their services.Here again, Aberth outdoes many other writers, by showing that variety and complexity of the economic responses to the devastating loss of population. In some areas, such as Egypt, the plague seems to have caused comparatively little change in economic relationships. (Aberth 67-70) In England, as noted, the conditio n of the lower classes gradually improved, and eventually, the true feudal system of serfs bond to the land fell away under the strain of the economic forces unleashed by the shift in the population.Aberth also acknowledges that the plague prompted many labor-saving inventions which helped improve the lot of the common folk, but adds a very sound admonition: any social or economic gain that cost the lives of half of the continent’s population must be hailed with considerable caution. (Aberth 68-70) In this analysis, Aberth again shows a good deal more subtlety and sophistication than many other historians who have tried to view the effects of the plague along more straightforward, if somewhat simplistic lines.In one of the noted revisionist essays, David Herlihy, for example, contended that Europe prior to the plague had reached a Malthusian breaking point: the population had expanded to the point where it was exhausting food production, and its continued geometric expansion versus the arithmetic expansion of the food supply had created a crisis. By greatly reducing the population, the plague alleviated this crisis while stimulating a wide range of inventions which eventually made much great food production possible.(Herlihy 31-39, 46-57) While not dismissing this interpretation, Aberth shows that it cannot explain the economic and social developments that occurred throughout Europe. These developments were sufficiently varied that no single theory can consistently bind them all together. (Aberth 69-70; Zeigler 203-09) While economic developments in the wake of the plague might be classified as â€Å"rational† responses to the pestilence, Aberth allows dwells on the hysterical responses, which took two primary forms: pogroms against the Jews and the flagellants.These two phenomena sometimes were related, as the flagellants blamed Jews for the outbreak of the plague, but also finds the phenomena occurring separately. The flagellants marked a parti cularly strange form of hysteria, organizing themselves into bands of zealots who carried the mortification of the flesh to gruesome lengths. With their belief that they alone had found the way to satisfy a wrathful God, they represented a break with the authority of the Catholic Church, something that led to their excommunication and their suppression by both religious and secular authorities.(Aberth 117-20;Zeigler 62-81) In a brief final chapter, Aberth considers how the plague altered the European conception of death. Here he notes some of the artistic changes that came about in the wake of th plague, including the appearance of â€Å"transi† tombs, which he describes as â€Å"a variation on tomb monuments by substituting or contrasting a skeletal and rotting cadaver to the idealized life-like portrait of the patron.† (Aberth 169) One example of this is the tomb of Francois de la Sarra, on which the arms crossed over the chest are covered with worms and four frogs o r toads sit on the face, covering the mouth and eyes. (Aberth 166, doc. 44) Another curious document that he presents is the :Disputacioun betwyx the Body and Wormes,† in which a noblewoman’s body argues with the worms that gnaw away the flesh after her death. (Aberth 176-78, doc. 46) The great majority of this book is made up of documentary selections, and Aberth has chosen his sources well.His introductory comments show the significance of each document, . and he notes grimly that many of those who tried to chronicle the plague fell victim to its ravages. He also shows the sad state of knowledge, in which the great medical faculty of the University of Paris, considered one of the leading centers of learning in its day, could find no better cause for the plague than the conjunction of the planets Jupiter, Saturn, and Mars in Aquarius in 1345.(Aberth 41-42) While many authorities, Christian and Muslim, agreed that the plague was highly contagious, medical science was se veral hundred years from advancing any theory which would explain contagion in any credible way, and even farther from effecting a cure. The contradictory advice, the irrelevance of many proposed cures, and the gruesome stress on blood-letting show the sad state of medical knowledge at that time. (Aberth 45-66) Perhaps the grimmest aspect of these documents are the many comments showing the collapse of hope and human compassion during this terrible disease.Time and again, there is the repeated refrain of abandonment. With the disease almost invariably fatal, once a person was stricken, relatives and acquaintance would flee rather than risk being afflicted. Over and over, the documents reflect this in a litany of abandonment, (Aberth 33-34,54, 76) There has been no later pandemic on the order of the pestilence of 1348 to 1350. By comparison, deaths due to AIDS/HIV would have to increase more than a thousandfold to equal the slaughter that the plague inflicted.One can only hope that n o such pandemic recurs. SOURCES USED: Aberth, John. The Black Death: the Great Mortality of 1348-1350 (New York, New York: Palgrave McMillion, 2005). Camus, Albert. The Plague. (New York, New York: Vintage Books 1991). Herlihy, David. The Black Death and the Transformation of the West. (Cambridge, Massachusetts,L Harvard University Press, 1997). Horraxs, Rosemary. The Black Death (Manchester England: Manchester University Press, 1994). Ziegler, Philip. The Black Death. (Thrupp, Gloucestershire, England: Sutton Publishing 1969).

Three Major Concerns of a Driver

Three Major Concerns of a Driver When driving, there are many concerns drivers should be aware of. These concerns make driving safer for anyone on the road. The three major concerns I am going to talk about today are road conditions, following distance, and speed. These are only a few of the many concerns a driver should have when driving. Driving is not safe therfore you must take it as serious as possible. If a driver ignores these concerns there will be consequences whether it is by the law or a fatal collision. The first concern drivers should have while driving is for the conditon of the road. Road conditions change on a daily basis due to the weather and the time of day. A good driver knows that if it is raining or snowing outside the roads will be slick. Therfore they should drive not only slower but also more cautious. Another factor that effects the condition of the road is the kind of road. Rural roads tend to be more narrow and less maintained so you shoud look out for pot holes. Each kind of road should be treated differently because they all have different dangers. My second concern is it is important for a driver to have a safe distance between you and the next car, this is known as your following distance. This is a very important concern to have. I was effected by this about three months ago when i reared ended another driver due to not having anough distance between me and the next car. Surprisingly I am thankful for the accident because I am now a very safe and cautious driver. Your fallowing distance at twenty-five mph should be two to three car lengths between you and the car in front of you. Your following distance should increase one car length for every ten mph. A driver who fails to follow these facts will sooner or later end up in rear end accident just like I did, but the results could be much much worse. The last major concern a driver should have that I am going to talk about is speed. Speed is defined as the rate of change. When talking about automobiles speed is a very seriouse topic. As you increase your speed in any vehicle you have to be aware of the increase in change of things around you and need to be able to react faster to these changes. When speed is abused nothing good can come from it. Many accidents occur because of an individual who was speeding and or loses contoll due to speeding. In conclusion, drivers need to be constanty concerned of their surroundings. Speed road conditions and following distance are only three of the many concerns a driver should have. Driving is not a game or a right it is a very seriouse priviledg. Many people think if you wear your saftey belt and dont speed you'll be ok. The fact of the matter is that driving is NOT safe! Certain cars make driving safe but there are always unavoidable dangers while driving. If you are constantly awar of these dangers then you will be a much safer driver and have a lesser chance of being one of the unluckey people who get into any kind of accident.

Swot Analysis And General Report On The New Jica Organisation Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4509 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? In this report more analysis about aspects of New JICA organisation has been clearly and in deep explored. The introduction part has covered about the Aim of this case study, the Background of JICA organisation covering its evolution starting where the organisation was first found. The use of SWOT analysis as a tool of evaluating the performance of the organisation has been in large covered where also the recommendations have been pointed out to cope with the organisations internal weakness and its external threats Also this report has covered the area of the organisation structure, importance of organisation structure, advantages and disadvantages of each type of structure and the organisation structure used by the New JICA. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Swot Analysis And General Report On The New Jica Organisation Business Essay" essay for you Create order Also this report has explained the concept of management change, the meaning of change, principle of change, how to affect the management of change in the organisation. The last part cover the conclusion and recommendation of case study. CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction 1.1 THE AIM OF THE REPORT The aim of this report is to determine whether the objectives of NEW JICA have been archived particularly in Tanzania. The action plans for Tanzania development as well the precise understanding of the development needs of Tanzania through supervision of country office and the close support of JICA Regional Strategy unit for Africa (RSA). The Creation and promotion of sustained and stable growth of economy and poverty reduction by support of development policy ( MKUKUTA that means The national strategy for growth and reduction of poverty 2005-2010 ).New JICA help Tanzania to promote productivity and competitiveness by supporting the development of agriculture and infrastructure, good governance through financial management systems and public administrative development. Also JICA uses different aid modalities like loan, grants, technical cooperation such as training and dispatch of volunteers to different area of field in order to archive its targeted objectives JICA will boos t the impact in the following approach. A more planned structure focus on average to long term development goal More expected aid functioning rolling plans of candidate projects for individual developing countries Speeder project formulation through preliminary survey Assistance tailored to actual requirements synergy of aid schemes 1.2 COMPANY BACKGROUND Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) is an organisation which was established since August 1974 and undergoes some organisational reforms which lead to formation of Independence administrative Institution from the special public institution. All these was possible after the passage of the law for partial amendment (November 2006) from the Japan International Cooperation Agency law. This influences the thousands of (Japanese Overseas Cooperation Volunteers) JOCV to volunteer in different activities around the world. 1.3 JICA RESEARCH INSTITUTE JICA established the JICA Research Institute (JICA-RI) to improve research function on development by drawing on its abundant field experience and to contribute to research findings and leading consultation on global development support. 1.4 NEW JICA Was officially launched on October 1, 2008 with combination/ integration between the existing Japanese International cooperation Agency and the overseas economic cooperation section of the Bank for the cooperation (JBIC) The figure below illustrate the combination of different organisation hence the formulation of NEW JICA Figure 1 1.5 JICA TANZANIA In Tanzani JICA was established since 1980 with basic objective of cooperation in various aspects that aimed into supporting the self initiatives of Tanzania citizens in archiving their social and economic development vision 2020 and 2025 as well the Tanzania growth strategy and poverty reduction (MKUKUTA-The national strategy for growth and reduction of poverty 2005-2010) JICA concentrated on field oriented management, human security and effectiveness, efficiency and speed as the target of the organisational change. JICA also has overseas offices in Africa, Asia, Latin America, Oceania, Middle East, and Europe. These overseas offices has facilitated smooth operation, hence the authority for decision making have been moved to these offices with an aim to ensure the flexible response to the widely varied needs of developing countries. According to article of 30 years of JICA Tanzania office (1980-2010) there is some project which was implemented as shown below Figure 2 F igure 3 The Africa office is located in Nairobi Kenya which was established since October 2009 and become the Regional strategy unit for Africa (RSA) with aim to smoothen JICA operation in the region as well to ensure the flexible response to the widely varied needs of developing countries. This office has been given the authority in order to strengthen activities in project formulation, monitoring and evaluation as well the aid strategy in sub Sahara office. 1.6 JICA OPERATING STRATEGIES To undertake the mixing of management modalities of backing, that is Technical cooperation ODA loan Grant aid Such elements will provide inclusive support such as policy and institutional improvements, improvement of infrastructure, human resource development and capacity building Encouraging development affiliation through precisely grasping of demanding needs of developing countries that spotlight on the field and promoting their own self help effort promptly and through a focus on results. JICA has also promoted the joint venture between public and private sectors so that they can contribute to the experience, technologies, resource of local government, non government organisation and other actors. Enhancing research and knowledge chipping in through the use of JICA Research Institute, NEW JICA will use the understanding acquired in the field of work, building extensive networks of academic from Japan and elsewhere around the world. also to take part in a leadi ng role in guiding the most recent development trends, improve research and knowledge sharing capacities VISION Inclusive development represents an approach to development that stimulate individual to be conscious of the development matter they themselves face, participate in addressing them, and gain from the fruits of such activities. The role of JICA is to offer the successfully backing on this process. Dynamic development refers to the organization of self reinforcing virtuous cycle of mid to long term economic growth and poverty cutback in constantly shifting environment of developing countries where different issues happen simultaneously and get entangled each other. New JICA will offer creative, highly successful support in the direction of archiving the objective MISSION Addressing the global Agenda. The advancement of globalisation brings positive effects, speeding up economic development and providing individual with new opportunities. Also it has the negative side such as the issue of climate change, infectious diseases, terrorism and the raise of economic crises. New JICA will make full use of experience and technologies as it concert with international society to deal with the different globalisation interconnected issues that the developing countries are facing in comprehensive manner. Reduction of poverty through equitable growth JICA will help to shrink the poverty to the society through promoting employment opportunities, providing education health care to the society while JICA supply support for provision of social and economic infrastructure, capacity building, and perfection of policy as well the support in terms of human resource improvement. Improving governance JICA play a very important role to the stable economic development of developing countries. However the undeveloped legal and juridical system and administrative organs symbolize obstacles to efforts and decrease poverty through economic growth. Archiving human security The advancement of globalisation imposes many people in dangers like civil trouble, disasters, poverty and other threats. Human security helps to build abilities to protect themselves against an assortment of threats. New JICA present support bolsters social and institutional ability to deal with threats themselves. Bellow figure illustrate the vision, mission and strategy of New JICA Figure 4 SWOT ANALYISIS FOR NEW JICA STRENTH: Efficient and transparent procedure- JICA overseeing and evaluate operations professionally and transparently and remain constant committed to renewing and streamlining organisation by maintaining high level of accountability. Tackling complex , difficult issues flexibly with the field based approach- JICA accurately grasp the development needs on the ground and design activities with their focus on the field , they deal flexibly with complex, difficult and knotted development issues Fostering expertise for providing professional solution JICA specialised in international cooperation, they perform international competitive work and using expertise and knowledge sharing capabilities to quickly and accurately address wide range of development issues. Archiving synergies of the merger- by smoothly combining diverse and modalities, we make use of our synergies by speeding up the old process, scaling them out in other regions communities. WEAKNESS Poor planning- which caused by unchanged aid policy as well the biasness Lack of human security against threats like civil war , terrorism Lack of sustainable development due to escalation of conflict in various part of Africa and Asia like Somalia, Darfur, Afghanistan Lack of incorporated support infrastructure and human capacity development OPPORTUNITIES ODA offer loan assistance to developing countries beyond a certain income by providing low interest long term and concessional fund JICA provide Grant Aid for counties which have low income levels without the requirement of repayment; grant can be used for recovering essential infrastructure such as schools, water supply, hospital, roads facilities, health and medical care. Dispatch of expertise and provisional of compulsory equipments and guidance JICA dispatch volunteers from (JOCV) handle project via the JICA finance and improvement of education. JICA work together with NGOS , local government , universities, and other stake holders JICA in case of the happening of a large scale tragedy, JICA dispatches Japanese catastrophe relief team in reaction from the government affected. example rescue of lost people, support and medical management THREATS Declining of foreign support which has been decreasing by 40% in last few years. This give hard global situation including the Japan itself and it has become difficult to turn round the trend in merely financial terms. Constantly the assistance from ODA (Office Development Assistance) continues to go down. In coming decade Africa will be one of the most affected regions by climate change. This is due to extensive spread of poverty , drought, unbalanced land allocation Some counties in Africa are likely to face severe water scarcity in the next three decade. Misuse of fund and corruption on fund allocated for projects. CHAPTER TWO 2.0 ORGANISATION STRUCTURE According to Mullins (2005: 596) defined the organisation structure as the pattern of relationships among positions in the organisation and among members of organisation. Structure makes possible the application of the process of human management and creates framework of order and command through which the activities of organisation can be planned, organised, directed and controlled. The structure defines tasks and responsibilities, work roles and relationships, and channel of communication. With the increase size of organisation, there is greater need for carefully designed and purposeful form of organisation, also continual review of structure to ensure that it is the most appropriate form for the particular organisation and in keeping with its growth and development. 2.2 TYPES OF ORGANISATION STRUCTURE According to Fontaine (2007) argued that Organisation structure is crucial component of the overall business strategy, just as important as planning, leading and controlling an organisation. Organisation structure is the frame work for answering the following questions; how do we organise jobs into department? Who does what and who report to whom in the chain of command. Some organisation consider their organisation chart as confidential, while other organisation do not and dare to post their organisation chart on the public accessible website. The most common organisation structures are as follows: Functional structure Divisional structure Matrix structure Horizontal linked structure 2.3 FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE: Is the way organisations support themselves into a range of department example productions, sales, research and development and accounting department. Advantages of functional organisation structure It tolerate the decision making and give management control in the administration encourage individual profession path through assuming decision making Functional structure inspire stability and efficiency Disadvantages of functional organisation structure It leading to inter departments conflict and poor communication Staff will have a preference to classify themselves with their department or section but not with the organisation. Communication and alliance between the department is hard 2.4 DIVISIONAL STRUCTURE Divisional structure is not formulated on the grouping of people according to their skill rather in placing them according to their similar abilities where they are required in the organisation. Advantages of Divisional structure are Due to answerability , the reaction to customer is excellent Divisional structure can facilitate to stimulate managerial skills and executive skills, since staff are concerned to all other functions Disadvantages of Divisional structure There is decline of specialisation as well the professional skills Due to departments performing the same odd jobs within the administration, there is redundant of effort and resources. 2.5 MATRIX STRUCTURE Matrix structure involves the combination of functional and divisional structure, but yet the matrix operation remains in its own unique style. The manager of each project does not have possession of employees at all. He is accountable to manage his staff from their functional area in so that to monitor his project from conception to finishing point Advantages of matrix structure It is very well-organized especially when resources are limited Project can start quickly since there is no need to employ workforce from outside Cross functional skills to employees due to their attachment in various projects Disadvantages of Matrix structure Employees turn out to be upset and puzzled with chain of command ( who is the head of department or project manager) The project manager may apply for the best project support workforce from organisation as the results can be the root of competitions matrix structure is the most challenging and stressful than others 2.6 HORIZONTAL LINKED STRUCURE A horizontally linked structure groups people along the value of chain of process that produce market, and service the firms offering. 5.0 The figure below illustrate the horizontal organisation structure RUN BUILD PLAN 2.7 DIMENSION OF ORGANISATION STRUCTURE According to Fontaine (2007) argued that think of any organisation structure and visualise an organisation chart in two dimensions. There is vertical dimension in which the organisation is considered to be either a Tall or Flat structure and there is the Horizontal dimension in which an organisation is considered to be either wide or Narrow The vertical dimension organisational structure The vertical dimension basically describe who is in charge of who is in charge of whom and who is responsible for decision making inside the organisation. It is hierarchy of authority and within it we find the span of control Broader span of control and fewer levels of authority results in a flat hierarchical structure while the narrow span of control and more level of authority results in tall hierarchical structure 6.0 7 The figures below illustrate the Tall and Flat structures. Tall Organisation structure has (5) five number of level while the span of control is (2) two. The above structure represents TALL STRUCTURE Flat organisation structure has (6) level of span Control, while the number of level is (3) three. The figure above represents FLAT STRUCTURE 2.8 SPAN OF CONTROL: According to Mullins (2007. 577, 5780) explains that the Span of control arises in line authority and refers to the number of subordinates who report directly to a manager or supervisor. V.A. Graicuna developed a mathematical formula for the span control. The limitation of the number of subordinate who can efficiently be supervised is based on the total of the direct and cross relationships. R= n (2n /n + n-1) Where n represent the number of subordinate,R is the number of interrelationships. Factors that influencing span of control Span of control can be affected by the following factors: The nature of organisation , the complication of the work and the likeness of functions and the scope of tasks The amount of time the manager has accessible from other activities to use up with subordinates The availability and training of subordinate staff, the strength of their motivation and commitment and the extent of direction and guidance needed. The usefulness of coordination and the nature of communication and control systems. The physical place or geographical spread of subordinates The length of scalar chain this implies that if the span of control is too wide will create the following problems; it will become not easy to administer the subordinate successfully and cause further stress to the manager, they may be short of time to carry out all activities properly, limited opportunities for encouragement and may lead to slowness to take on change or the introduction of new change or process. A lso if the span of control is too narrow may present the trouble of coordination and uniformity in decision making that obstruct effective communication across the organisation. Narrow span of control increases administration costs and may lead to extra level of authority Need for a balanced structure The combination of span of control and chain of command determines the overall pyramid shape of the organisation whether the hierarchical structure is flat or tall 2.9 ORGANISATION STRUCTURE USED BY NEW JICA Figure 8 below represent organisation chart of jica The New JICA operates its activities in a well selected structure which suits its unique strategy of operation and management activities. The organisation is considered to have 14 span of control (regional strategy unit for Africa) (RSA) therefore the structure is Tall with Matrix organisation structure. This is due to decentralisation approach which is applied, where some of decision making are carried out by regional office (RSA) instead of head office in Japan. The channel of communication is highly structured and is open to allow flow of information Advantage of matrix structure It is well-organized especially when resources are limited The project can be quickly established because there are sufficient staffs Cross functional skills to employees are encouraged They deal with numerous projects Working with and learning from other professional with variety of skills Disadvantages of matrix structure It leads to confusion and disappointment to employees due to approach used that is chain of command and order. It can lead to conflict due to observation of deadline Recommendations Since the advantages of matrix organisation structure exceeded the disadvantages, it is wise to keep on use this organisation structure because it is more efficient than others. It is an environment in which the individual excel Matrix combine functional structure and divisional structure, but at the end it operate like neither CHAPTER THREE 3.0 ORGANISATION CULTURE AND BEHAVIOUR According to Cook, C et al (1997, p 112) defined organization culture as the fundamental assumption people share about an organizations values , beliefs, norms, symbols, language , rituals and myths. All of the expressive elements that gives meaning to organization membership and are accepted as guide to behaviour. Organizational Behaviour (OB) is the learning and application of knowledge in relation to how people, individuals, and groups perform in organizations. It interprets people organization affairs in terms of the entire person, entire group, entire organization, and entire social system. Its intention is to build better relationships by achieving individual objectives, organizational objectives, and public objectives. The following are the JICA organization culture: According to capacity development handbook for JICA staff (2004) urged that JICA staff, especially those in the regional departments at the headquarters and at the field offices, have the important role to play in ensuring that JICAS programs/projects support partner countries capacity development process. Staff must have a broad knowledge and understanding of the country context including the latest status of development and the direction such as economic liberalisation and governance reforms. JICA staff needs to have the vision of JICA in cooperation in the capacity development process such as, when and how JICA can contribute to the process. With such broad knowledge and understanding, the staff will be able to ensure the relevance and effectiveness of JICA programs and projects through all its stages. JICA staff is responsible for appraising appropriate project objectives and approaches (which approach is appropriate for each recipient, how large the scale should be, and when the cooperation should start.) JICA staff is responsible for appraising appropriate project objectives and approaches (which approach is appropriate for each recipient, how large the scale should be, and when the cooperation should start.) Addressing the universal agenda of climate change , water, food, energy, infectious diseases and financing JICA fight to reduce poverty of an individual all over the world through inclusive and equitable growth. Networking JICA has a network of 17 domestic offices and 96 overseas bureaus and has undertaken missions in approximately 150 countries Efforts to support the independence of individuals with physical disabilities by reinforcing message and sign language in partnership with physically disabled alumni Motivate employees and communication between superior and subordinate staff. CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 MANAGEMENT OF CHANGE 4.1 What is Change Management? Change management is a set of processes engaged to make sure that important changes are implemented in a controlled and organized manner. One of the objectives of change management is the arrangement of people and culture with considered shifts in the organisation, to defeat opposition to change in order to boost engagement and the attainment of the organisations goal for successful change. Achieving sustainable change begins with apparent considerate of the present situation of the organisation, followed by the execution of suitable and targeted strategies. The centre of change management is on the result the change will create the new activities that must be understood. Change processes regularly relate to a task and/or structural change. A broad change management approach should show the way to the required objectives and generate a sense of ownership, facilitate 4.2 Leading and managing change The implementation of any major change process often succeeds or fails because of the leadership of that change procedure. Leadership engages people to make, adjust and meet the demands of the predictable future. Management plays a vital part in creation and make changes happen, it motivate the doing. Leadership encourages the change; it is what energises the hearts and minds of staff and develop and build ability to act in response to future change Leadership and management are two distinct and complimentary systems of action. Each has its own function and characteristic (Kotter, 1999:51).The table below outlines some of the characteristics essential to driving significant change initiatives at JICA Managers Leaders Implement the vision Plan, budget and organise the team Maintain order and system Manage the impact of change Measure day-to-day Control and problem solve Contribute to teams Seek step-by-step improvement Create the vision Align people and inspire them Create and build processes Create change proactively Keep the values visible Collaborate Motivate and inspire Continue to challenge the status quo 4.3 Why is organisational change difficult to accomplish? According to Mckinsey (2006) and Thomson (1998) argues that People are afraid of the unknown, many think things are fine the way they are and dont understand the need of change. Recognising the need to change and acting on it can be difficult decision for leaders and manager to make. Resistance is a natural defence mechanism for those losing something. The closer we are to something or someone the greater the grief or loss. The resistance can be due to loss of security, money, pride or satisfaction, friends, freedom, responsibility, good working conditions, status lack of respect, objectionable manner, negative attitude, personal criticism, not having had input, bad timing, challenge to authority or second hand information. Change must absorb the people and must not be imposed upon the people. If the organisation imposes new stuff on people there will be difficulties due to participation, involvement and open, early and full communication are the important factors. People and team need to be empowered to find their own solutions and responses with facilitation and support from managers and tolerance and compassion from the leaders and executive. 4.4 Change management principles At all times involve and agree support from people within system (system = environment, processes, culture, relationships, behaviours, etc., whether personal or organisational). Understand where you/the organisation is at the moment. Understand where you want to be, when, why, and what the measures will be for having got there. Plan development towards above No.iii in appropriate achievable measurable stages. Communicate, involve, enable and facilitate involvement from people, as early and openly and as fully as is possible. 4.5 John P Kotters eight steps to successful change John P Kotter (b 1947) is a professor and leading thinker and author on organizational change management at Harvard University. Kotters highly regarded books Leading Change (1995) and The Heart of Change (2002) explain a supportive model for understanding and managing change. Each stage acknowledges a key principle identified by Kotter relating to peoples response and approach to change, in which people see, feel and then change. Kotters eight step change model can be summarised as: Increase urgency inspire people to move, make objectives real and relevant. Build the guiding team get the right people in place with the right emotional commitment, and the right mix of skills and levels. Get the vision right get the team to establish a simple vision and strategy focus on emotional and creative aspects necessary to drive service and efficiency. Communicate for buy-in Involve as many people as possible, communicate the essentials, simply, and to appeal and respond to peoples needs. De-clutter communications make technology work for you rather than against. Empowers action Remove obstacles, enable constructive feedback and lots of support from leaders reward and recognise progress and achievements. Create short-term wins Set aims that are easy to achieve in bite-size chunks. Manageable numbers of initiatives. Finish current stages before starting new ones. Dont let up Foster and encourage determination and persistence ongoing change enc ourage ongoing progress reporting highlight achieved and future milestones. Make change stick Reinforce the value of successful change via recruitment, promotion, and new change leaders. Weave change into culture 4.6 JICA AND MANAGEMENT OF CHANGE JICA reforms was stared since October 2003, when was public announced as the independent administrative institution. The reforms was intended specifically in organisational and operations for the purpose of implementing aid activities more successful and resourceful The integration of the existing JICA and the overseas economic cooperation section of the Japan Bank for international cooperation (JBIC) result into formulation of New JICA. The new JICA is headed by Mrs Sadako Ogata who was formally the head of UN Refugees Agency (UNHCR) between 1991-2000 Formulation of new JICA increases the number of its operation through establishment of 17 domestic offices and 96 overseas offices while the number of projects increased up to 150 projects worldwide. The changes has lead to the establishment of New JICA Research Institute that enhances research activities on development by drawing on its abundant field knowledge and to contribute to research result and leading dialogue on in ternational development support. The reforms of the JICA focus on integration of 3 schemes of Japan development assistance Technical assistance Concessionary loan extended by (JBI) for overseas economic cooperation operation Grant Aid with no obligation for repayment New JICA impact the changes in the following manner To focus on medium and long term development through encouragement of public and private partnerships, pooling of resources as well the experience and technologies. Predictable aid; operational rolling plans of current project for a particular developing country. JICA play role of strengthening partnership with international organisations and other donor to widen the framework for development assistance. Speedier project formulation: seamless identification through preparatory survey JICA offer support in ways that finest match the stage of development in every recipient nation, taking a long term perspective and present seamless support to ensure sustainable growth into the future. Assistance tailored to real need synergy of three (3) aid schemes CHAPTER FIVE RECOMENDATION AND CONCLUSION .

Statement of Educational Goals And Philosophy Essay

Statement of Educational Goals And Philosophy The nature of students is that of an instinctive ability to learn. Students of ages and all grade levels reflect their surroundings and respond according to their interpretation. Naturally it is not only the influence of a classroom that shapes a student but many outside factors that determine students’ goals and abilities; for example, healthy encouragement from parents. Students may find a natural ability to perform in one area of education and with help may fine tune their ability to better their understanding of other areas. Students have a better understanding of education when it is relevant to their needs and everyday life. The nature of knowledge†¦show more content†¦The importance of education is seen in the goals of society from the dominance of math and science to launch the space race, to the back-to-basics program in order to improve world education ranking and ensure America as a strong educational nation. As a teacher I hope to enrich the lives of students and educated them to the best of my ability. Furthermore, I hope to set an example for students that is based on respect, truth, honor and fairness. Students come from diverse backgrounds and struggle to reach individual goals. As a teacher, I am obligated to see those challenges and help students set and meet their goals. For students in my classroom, that of an art class, must also deal with expression and individual ideas that will allow students to interpret their surroundings. In speaking of educational ethics a great responsibility will be placed upon me as is all teachers. Not only do I plan to teach art as a subject, but also to teach art as to reflect core values of society: respect for one’s work, responsibility in the use of supplies and fairness when critiquing one’s own work as well as that of fellow students. Incorporating and exposing students to the diverse ethnic backgrounds that have influenced art though out history, lessening the racial barriers still being created today. Society largely depicts what morals and values are appropriate for day to day living, however, society has also placed that responsibility upon theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Statement of Educational Goals and Philosophy689 Words   |  3 PagesStatement of Educational Goals and Philosophy I can still remember coming home from school after an exciting day in the first grade. I would go straight to my room, line all of my dolls up in the floor, and â€Å"teach† them everything I had learned earlier that day. But of course, not every child who pretends to be a teacher in his or her early years actually becomes a teacher. So although I enjoyed â€Å"teaching,† I never really considered it as a choice for my life-long career. 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Court History and Purpose - 812 Words

Court History and Purpose CJA/224 July 28, 2012 Court History and Purpose This paper will cover topics such as; what a court is and what the purpose of the court is. This paper will define the dual court system. In addition this paper will describe the role that early legal codes, the common law and the precedent played in the development of courts. And lastly this paper will identify the role of the courts in the criminal justice system today. The courts are a part of the judicial branch in the three branches of government. This means that in this branch the laws are interpreted. Like the other two branches, it works to keep the criminal justice system running as smoothly as possible. The laws are make in the†¦show more content†¦But in the same light, if some one stole a car, death by any means is not an option. Some punishments for crimes are the same, yet have still changed. For example, Texas still has the death penalty. But even though the death penalty is used in Texas, the way the punishment is carried out has changed. The electric chair is no longer used as well as hangings. In conclusion the criminal justice system needs the court system to function properly. The court system has changed the face of history far too many times to not be important. From the small local courts the grand stage that is the United States Supreme courts, it is all important to the criminal justice system. References Concepts of Justice past and present.,Historical development of theories of crime and punishment., John A. Sterling 1999-2002, Law and Liberty Foundation retrieved formShow MoreRelatedCourt History and Purpose873 Words   |  4 PagesTERESA MORALES Court History and Purpose People in the United States attend court every day for different many reasons. Those reasons could be for traffic violations, civil law suits, or for unlawful criminal acts. No matter what they are all handled and disputed in a court of law. 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Research and Evidence in Science for Development- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theResearch and Evidence in Science for Human Development. Answer: The aim of the study was to examine and investigate the effects of meditation and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) in tinnitus suffers (Sadlier, Stephens, Kennedy, 2008). The nature of the study is wait list control group where there is group of participants those are included in the outcome study assigned in waiting list and gives intervention to the active group undergoing treatment. In this study, patients were selected from the tinnitus clinic in the Welsh Hearing Institute where twenty-five chronic tinnitus sufferers received CBT or meditation with four hour one sessions and the waiting group received after three months in the same way. There were three hypothesis proposed for the study. In the study, they hypothesized that recruitment of skeletal muscle units, physical activity is controlled by pacing strategy within the CNS from psychological and physiological systems based on feedback. The first hypothesis was done regarding the nature and extent of disorder along with complaint behaviour. Apart from psychosocial factors like emotional states, behavioural dispositions and psychosocial factors, cognitive processes also have an effect on the performance, physical function and exhaustion. It was also hypothesized that the two groups would show improvement after the meditation or CBT intervention based on control or active group. The treatment philosophy selected for the paper is Engels biophychosocial approach that takes into account the personality, genetic vulnerability, stress, behaviour, economy and supportive relationships. Based on this approach, it was hypothesized that there are a large number of psychosocial stressors that are associated with the onset or progression of tinnitus in the study. The method used for the study was waiting list control design. Twenty-five consecutive patients suffering from tinnitus were selected who would benefit from CBT or meditation from Welsh Hearing Institute in Cardiff was invited for trail participation. Those patients who did not want reassurance or had treatable cause like otitis media were excluded from the study. The patients were selected who attended the clinic for the first time and felt that audiological or psychological management approach entered the study. The first group was treated with the intervention considered as active group with consultation from audiological physician. The second group is the control group who waited for three months for the treatment and therefore acted as control group. The active group consisted of those patients who were assessed for tinnitus at the time of consultation for the first time and after treatment whereas control or group two with a three month waiting prior to starting of treatment. Statistical comparisons was done where patients were given questionnaire at the four to six month trial to rate their tinnitus in comparison to the post-treatment. The hospital anxiety depression score was also measured pre-therapy and after the treatment. Six measures assessed the tinnitus aspects that included perceived severity as well as tinnitus impact on their mood and life. The measures taken were the Hallam tinnitus questionnaire that measured the subjective severity, hospital anxiety and depression scale to measure depression and anxiety in physically ill patients and Tinnitus visual analogue scale (VAS) to measure the overall tinnitus effect on the life of the patient at present. The satisfaction life scale was used to assess the patients views and perceptions while living with tinnitus, Tinnitus triggers questionnaire to know about the stressors associated with their tinnitus condition during onset or exacerbation of tinnitus. A questionnaire was also sent to the patients during the four to six month intervention month to receive feedback o how they felt after the treatment and provide comparison with options, better, worse or no change. All the four training sessions lasted for 40 minutes and data was analysed through student t-tests and SPSS 11.5. The result regarding the tinnitus questionnaire from the beginning and end of the study in the active group showed that there was highly significant change from beginning to end in the group one. However, there was no change observed in the awaiting group as they were awaiting treatment. There was significant change seen in the six parameters in Hallam questionnaire where there were positive changes except for hearing. In control group, there were no improvements pre-treatment however, there were significant results seen in the post therapy. While measuring the hospital anxiety depression scale, pre-treatment, it was 9.4 and it significantly 7.9 post-treatment for anxiety and 4.8 to 3.9 for depression. Tinnitus visual analogue scale for active group from pre to post treatment showed highly significant changes (p 0.007) and control group there was borderline change as they were awaiting treatment (p 0.053). The satisfaction rates with life questionnaire showed that there were significant changes only in the control group where as there were no significant changes in the active group. There were significant changes seen in two out of five variables satisfied with life (p=0.023), conditions of life excellent (p=0.035) and life as ideal (p=0.053) showed borderline results. The tinnitus trigger questionnaire results showed that in 77% of patients, stressful life events are associated with the exacerbation or onset of tinnitus. The common factors were death or illness in the family and retirement being occupational change. During the follow up between four to six months, the return rate was 60%. Eighty percent of the patients (12) were feeling much better after the post-treatment and t here was no change in 20% of the participants. Between four to six months, there was a significant improvement in 12 patients seven were experiencing significant improvements, three participants maintained the improvement and two cases of worsened condition. The study findings supported the hypothesis that psychosocial stressors are associated with the onset or exacerbation of tinnitus like lifestyle, stress, social and behaviour factors, supportive relationships like family and well-being. A number of patients reported psychosocial stressors being associated with tinnitus among the participants. The aim of the study was to evaluate effectiveness of CBT and meditation in the treatment of tinnitus. The main findings showed significant results showing improvement in the tinnitus sufferers. There was successful tinnitus management and reduction in experiences of suffering with heightened awareness. Although, this study has certain limitations, it is still effective in treating tinnitus and reduced their illness sufferings. The validity concept in research is to evaluate that whether the test is valid or not and it measured what they have claimed to measure (Diehl, Wahl, Freund, 2017). The participants were chosen that fulfilled the aim of the study like the tinnitus patients who came to the clinic for the first time and monitored from four to six months during the treatment trial. Internal validity is the measure of how well the research study has been conducted that avoided confounding and possible independent variables (Shono, Ames, Stacy, 2016). There is proper evidence that claimed their results. The sample size was manipulated, divided into two groups, control and active group in the research study as the tinnitus variables showed significant results to reduce the potential threats. The experimental treatment like CBT and meditation made a difference to the outcome that is it helped in the reduction of suffering in tinnitus patients. In both the active and control groups, the tinnitus variables as well as the coping mechanisms and psychological response can lead to amplification or dampening of the perpetuating tinnitus variables, therefore to avoid potential threats in the research study, the treatment methods were aimed at relieving the suffering, stress that is caused due to the tinnitus. The tinnitus variables that were proposed for the active and control group showed significant results before and after the treatment interventions except for the tinnitus effect on hearing. As the control group was waiting for the treatment, there was no significant changes pre-treatment, however showed significant results post-therapy apart from the relaxation strategy. External validity deals with the extent to which the research results can be generalized to the people or other situations (Halperin, Pyne, Martin, 2015). In other words, the external validity is the extent to which there is a generalisation and causal inference in the research study. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of CBT and meditation on the tinnitus sufferers. The main findings showed compliance with the aim and hypothesis of the result where CBT and meditation is effective in the treatment of chronic tinnitus to relieve them from their sufferings. This psychosocial intervention is medically proved to relieve patients suffering from medically unexplained symptoms. The restriction of the sample size through waiting list control design had a significant effect on the research study. The sample size was small and therefore, it acted as a preliminary study. To reduce the threat to validity, the authors had reduced the sample size, which was not correct and so cause and effect relationship with causal inference and worth of understanding would have been used to get better outcomes (Csikszentmihalyi Larson, 2014). The consecutive basis of selection of the patient was a limitation of the study as the external validity would have been limited as the patients represented the tertiary referrals. This may not be applicable to other tinnitus patient sufferers. It is evident that tinnitus is a common experience and not every patient requires treatment for it. The research study sample comprised of patients who are distressed in tinnitus and so it does not reflect general trends and pose problems due to waiting list control method for specific therapist co nsultation. References Csikszentmihalyi, M., Larson, R. (2014). Validity and reliability of the experience-sampling method. In Flow and the foundations of positive psychology. Springer Netherlands, 35-54. Diehl, M., Wahl, H. W., Freund, A. (2017). Ecological Validity as a Key Feature of External Validity in Research on Human Development. Research in Human Development, 177-181. Halperin, I., Pyne, D. B., Martin, D. T. (2015). Threats to internal validity in exercise science: a review of overlooked confounding variables. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 823-829. Sadlier, M., Stephens, S. D., Kennedy, V. (2008). Tinnitus rehabilitation: a mindfulness meditation cognitive behavioural therapy approach. The Journal of Laryngology Otology, 31-37. Shono, Y., Ames, S. L., Stacy, A. W. (2016). Evaluation of internal validity using modern test theory: Application to word association. Psychological assessment, 194.

To Take Or Not To Take Essay Example For Students

To Take Or Not To Take Essay Word Count: 1622To toke or not to toke that is the question. Whether tis nobler in the mind to suffer the slings and arrows of society or succumb to popular opinion and legalize Marijuana. Marijuana is a cure for anorexia as well as glaucoma. Marijuana is even a helping factor for relieving some symptoms of A.I.D.S. Still the government of our nation has Marijuana classified as a Division I drug. Which means it serves no medical use and does in no way benefit society. The studies outdated and scientifically proven to be incorrect still remain beliefs of our government. Supporters of the legalization of Marijuana have many scientifically proven facts that point to the fact Marijuana should be legalized. Marijuana legalization would prove to be beneficial in a number of areas. The first bonus to legalizing Marijuana is its medical uses. Marijuana stimulates the immune system and serves as a cure for glaucoma. Marijuana helps people with AIDS retain and eat food. Marijuana use also has intellectual benefits. Marijuana increases alpha wave activity in the brain. The alpha waves are associated with creativity. This creativity is potentially the foundation of literary and musical revelation. Bob Marley was one of the most influential musical composers of all times. Marleys music has persevered throughout the years. He openly admitted, on many occasions, to smoking marijuana before he wrote and composed songs. Marleys influence is global. His nickname of the Legend has distinguished him from many other musicians. His global fame separates him from all other musicians. Many people have attributed Marleys creative genius to his use of marijuana. Socially, marijuana is better from the standpoint of addiction. Marijuana is less addictive than tobacco. Essentially marijuana is neither as physically nor mentally addictive as Nicotine. Another social benefit of marijuana is its not cancer causing when compared to legal drugs like caffeine or Cigarettes. These are only a few of the reasons that Marijuana legal. To really get into the legalization issue not only do you have to look into the facts of the case but also the employment effects it would have. Granted there are no hard facts that say marijuana needs to be legal (or illegal). If a person tries pictures the number of jobs a single American field of Marijuana would create, they find its an innumerable number. The jobs cigarettes create through different aspects of preparation such as growth, harvest, manufacturing, distributing and selling, makes it is easy to see the widespread opportunities legalizing Marijuana would create. Marijuana if legalized would create an infinite number of jobs. These jobs would drastically improve the unemployment rate that is rampaging America now. The economy will also benefit from the legalization of Marijuana. If the government sets taxes high they can insure themselves a large profit from the sales of marijuana. This would make marijuana a cash crop. A cash crop used for exportation as well as internal use. The prices could be as severe as the cigarettes prices now are. This would cause a great boost in the economy. The legalization of Marijuana would also help save the environment. People could stop cutting down trees in search of paper and rope because hemp, the stem or trunk of a marijuana plant is the best maker of paper in the world. Not to mention the fact that Hemp rope is close to the strongest natural rope in the entire world. This would enable paper and rope companies to invest money into the growth of marijuana for industrial use. The last facet of this debate on legalizing Marijuana comes when one looks at the widespread use of Marijuana in our society. Marijuana is one of the most widely used illegal substances in the world. In a recent survey performed in a suburban high school over 80% of the graduating class admitted to smoking pot. While over 80% may be a remarkable high statistic the survey also concluded that the under cl ass students were also smoking their fair share of marijuana. The survey showed an increasing percentage of pot smokers (tokers) as they advanced through school. The facts about Marijuana are simple. If examined, the facts about Marijuanas potential beneficial possibilities to American society become .u20496694910d2c290302e26c2271ae85 , .u20496694910d2c290302e26c2271ae85 .postImageUrl , .u20496694910d2c290302e26c2271ae85 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u20496694910d2c290302e26c2271ae85 , .u20496694910d2c290302e26c2271ae85:hover , .u20496694910d2c290302e26c2271ae85:visited , .u20496694910d2c290302e26c2271ae85:active { border:0!important; } .u20496694910d2c290302e26c2271ae85 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u20496694910d2c290302e26c2271ae85 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u20496694910d2c290302e26c2271ae85:active , .u20496694910d2c290302e26c2271ae85:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u20496694910d2c290302e26c2271ae85 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u20496694910d2c290302e26c2271ae85 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u20496694910d2c290302e26c2271ae85 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u20496694910d2c290302e26c2271ae85 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u20496694910d2c290302e26c2271ae85:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u20496694910d2c290302e26c2271ae85 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u20496694910d2c290302e26c2271ae85 .u20496694910d2c290302e26c2271ae85-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u20496694910d2c290302e26c2271ae85:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The English Reformation Essay Paper We will write a custom essay on To Take Or Not To Take specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now