The First Day In Australia Free Essays

Might want to discuss my first day in Australia in this paper. I showed up in Sydney on the third of April 201 3 and it was coming down intensely. Notwithstanding, everything looked intriguing to me. We will compose a custom exposition test on The First Day In Australia or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now Was intending to visit Commonwealth Bank at Martin Place when I ventured out of the plane. When got there, was amazed on the grounds that the compositional style of the structure was lavish and collectible, and it felt Western. At that point I met a teller who welcomed me benevolent. He made jokes to me. They were entertaining jokes, yet around then, I didn't reply. I was remorseful I was unable to express anything to him in English. From that point onward, I left for an explorer inn that is known as a famous spot for outsiders. Lamentably, there were many individuals holding back to Stay in there. Accordingly, I needed to move another. At long last I found an alternate hiker inn. As I opened the entryway of my room, its melancholic environment overpowered me. In the end, I chose to remain just 3 days on account of the awkward, new air and on the grounds that the convenience charge was uncalled for. In the primary night, I couldn't rest profoundly. Lying in the bed, truly stressed over my life in Australia. Being uncertain about my future made me apprehensive. Time has slipped along. Contrasted and the past, numerous things have changed as of late. These days I am attempting to improve my life in Australia continually so as to step forward by examining English and making companions. On the off chance that I have a chance, I might want to settle in Australia. Instructions to refer to The First Day In Australia, Papers

Endosymbiotic Theory

Endosymbiotic Theory The endosymbiotic hypothesis is the acknowledged component for how eukaryotic cells developed from prokaryotic cells. First distributed by Lynn Margulis in the late 1960s, the Endosymbiont Theory recommended that the primary organelles of the eukaryotic cell were really crude prokaryotic cells that had been overwhelmed by an alternate, greater prokaryotic cell. The term endosymbiosis intends to coordinate inside. Regardless of whether the bigger cell gave security to the littler cells, or the littler cells gave vitality to the bigger cell, this plan appeared to be commonly useful to the entirety of the prokaryotes. While this seemed like an implausible thought from the outset, the information to back it up is certain. The organelles that appeared to have been their own cells incorporate the mitochondria and, in photosynthetic cells, the chloroplast. Both of these organelles have their own DNA and their own ribosomes that don't coordinate the remainder of the cell. This demonstrates they could endure and replicate all alone. Truth be told, the DNA in the chloroplast is fundamentally the same as photosynthetic microbes called cyanobacteria. The DNA in the mitochondria is most similar to that of the microscopic organisms that causes typhus. Before these prokaryotes had the option to experience endosymbiosis, they first no doubt needed to become provincial creatures. Pioneer living beings are gatherings of prokaryotic, single-celled life forms that live in nearness to other single-celled prokaryotes. Despite the fact that the individual single-celled creatures stayed isolated and could endure autonomously, there was a type of bit of leeway to living near different prokaryotes. Regardless of whether this was a component of insurance or an approach to get more vitality, imperialism must be helpful in some way for the entirety of the prokaryotes associated with the settlement. When these single-celled living things were inside close enough closeness to each other, they made their cooperative relationship one stride further. The bigger unicellular creature overwhelmed other, littler, single-celled life forms. By then, they were not, at this point autonomous pilgrim living beings however rather were one huge cell. At the point when the bigger cell that had immersed the littler cells went to separate, duplicates of the littler prokaryotes inside were made and gone down to the girl cells. In the end, the littler prokaryotes that had been inundated adjusted and advanced into a portion of the organelles we are aware of today in eukaryotic cells like the mitochondria and chloroplasts. Different organelles in the long run emerged from these first organelles, remembering the core where the DNA for an eukaryote is housed, the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi Apparatus. In the advanced eukaryotic cell, these parts are known as film bound organelles. They despite e verything don't show up in prokaryotic cells like microorganisms and archaea however are available in all living beings characterized under the Eukarya area.

What Is a Memoir

What Is a Memoir Book genres and categories are confusing, to say the least. There are so many with vague definitions and a whole lot of overlap between them that sometimes it can feel almost arbitrary. I’ll be the first to admit that I don’t have all the answers here, if any, but I do have quite a few thoughts about one genre in particular: the memoir. Let’s dive in. So, what is a memoir, exactly? Let’s start with the basics that everyone can agree on. The main defining characteristics of a memoir are that it is 1) nonfiction, and 2) autobiographical. From here, it starts to get a little sticky. Does “autobiographical” mean the same as “autobiography”? Well, yes and no. Traditionally, an autobiography covers an entire lifetime, while a memoir tends to focus on a narrower set of the author’s experiences. Throughout history, various distinctions have been made between the two, but in recent years, it appears that the definition of “memoir” has broadened, while the term “autobiography” seems to be used less and less. The two can, more often than not, be used interchangeably without issue, as Ben Yagoda does in his book Memoir: A History, where he does a deep exploration of the genre. At the same time, it is also important to point out that just because a work contains autobiographical elements does not mean it will necessarily be considered a memoir (or autobiography), as is the case with autobiographical novels. But back to our original question: what is a memoir? The word comes from the French mémoire, meaning “memory.” So in the simplest sense, memoirs are just that. They’re about the author remembering, reminiscing, and reflecting on experiences from their lives. While nonfiction, memoirs are unique in their level of subjectivity, given the nature of human memory and perception. While lived experiences can’t be fact-checked, every single one is true to the person going through it. Though they don’t necessarily give a full, multi-perspective picture, memoirs are special in that they allow readers to see how others see and understand the same world. Types of memoirs Memoirs have been around throughout history, starting out with those of various prominent figures. As time has progressed and contemporary memoirs have exploded in popularity, they can now be written by anyone and the range of topics covered has widened massively. While there would be no end if we tried to cover every specific type of memoir out there, here are a handful of the bigger categories that we often see on the shelves. Many memoirs are quite broad in scope, simply dealing with life, but through the unique framework of the authors particular circumstances or lifestyle. The Sarashina Diary is an early memoir of this type that dates back to Heian period Japan, telling of a woman’s life from childhood to marriage and beyond. Out of Africa by Isak Dinesen is a twentieth-century classic about a Danish woman’s experiences owning a plantation in Kenya. Much more recent examples include Hope Jahren’s Lab Girl (a female geobiologist’s celebration of science), and Ta-Nehisi Coates’s  Between the World and Me (an exploration of what it is to be black in America). Some of the memoir sub-genres that arguably emerged most early on include spiritual memoirs and war memoirs. Religion and spirituality have always been a part of human history, as likewise have wars and conflicts. Both can be traced far back in history, to Saint Augustine’s Confessions or Julius Caesar’s Commentaries on the Gallic War, respectively. Prominent contemporary examples include 90 Minutes in Heaven by Don Piper (about dying and coming back to life) and Night by Elie Wiesel (about life as a prisoner in Nazi concentration camps during the Holocaust). Another common type of memoir are those about childhood (which often includes some sort of trauma or struggle) and family, which give both author and reader the opportunity to reflect on their defining years. I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings by Maya Angelou and Running with Scissors by Augusten Burroughs are two wildly different but equally effective books of this category. The hugely popular celebrity memoir gives readers an inside look at the lives of their favorite actors/musicians/athletes/etc. These days, it feels like almost everyone with a significant following has a book out, so just look up a few of your fave celebs and I bet you’ll find something! (Plus it’s a task for this year’s Read Harder Challenge, so there’s no better time to snag one if you haven’t given it a go already!) Stunt memoirs are a sub-genre in which the author takes on some sort of quest or project with the intention of changing something in their lives and/or writing about it. This is not necessarily as modern a concept as one might think, as Henry David Thoreau embarked on a journey of introspection by living in nature and documented the experience in Walden. Of course, the stunt memoir people are likely most familiar with is the much more recent Eat, Pray, Love by Elizabeth Gilbert, in which the author traveled the world to discover a new self. Personal essay collections are a unique form of memoir that allow the author to jump amongst multiple topics and tell their stories in shorter, anecdotal chunks. A big name that I’m sure anyone reading on this site would recognize is David Sedaris, who has made many a reader laugh out loud with his blunt, satirical humor in Me Talk Pretty One Day and other books. Finally, a pretty new-to-me sub-genre is the graphic memoir. Its a beautiful overlap of storytelling styles that I definitely need to explore more. (If youre in the same boat as me, hop on over to Gina Nicolls 100 Must-Read Graphic  Memoirs post.) From Marjane Satrapi’s Persepolis to Alison Bechdel’s Fun Home to the March trilogy by John Lewis, Andrew Aydin, and Nate Powell, there is so much magic to be found. For more on memoirs and awesome recommendations… Memoir: A History by Ben Yagoda, as mentioned at the top, is a great place to go if you’re interested in learning more about the genre itself. This post by Jaime Herndon is a lovely reflection on why we read memoirs in the first place. And be sure to check out Kim Ukura’s 100 Must-Read Memoirs post for a great variety of recommendations. Sign up for True Story to receive nonfiction news, new releases, and must-read forthcoming titles.

Summary Of Ed Dantes The Shadow Scholar - 736 Words

With going to college comes a heavy workload that is more challenging than the work in High School. Most students learn quickly to take notes and plan ahead for their assignments, others, take an easier route. Ed Dante, the author of The Shadow Scholar, talks about the easier route that has some students paying top dollar for someone else to write their class papers. This article, Ed hopes, â€Å"will initiate such a conversation† (Dante 2). The conversation that he hopes to start is the question of how to detect cheating in semi-original papers at the college level. Firstly, Ed Dante brings up the point in his article that when he was being told about college, it was fantasized as a place for extending knowledge and more access to learning,†¦show more content†¦Ed Dante’s idea of the conversation that needs to take place is the one that addresses this type of undetectable cheating.This type of cheating is harder for teachers and even online plagiarism checkin g sites to catch. Other papers can easily be detected through plagiarism sites like Turnitin, and it will give a percentage of plagiarised ideas in a paper. With the type of cheating that Ed does, it makes it harder to check the paper for originality because it is specifically original work. It is not written by the student, but a stranger and they pay more money than what it would have taken to write the paper themselves. Consequently, this type of cheating is the perfect way for stressed out students to complete assignments without having to put in the work. Dante aims towards the teachers as well as the students by asking how â€Å" a student who struggles to formulate complete sentences in a conversation manages to produce marginally competent research?† (Dante 2), and wondering how these types of signs got past them. This helps his conversation about cheating by showing a red flags that may indicate some sort of cheating. If a student has turned in work that is subpar th roughout the year and by the end magically produces a paper that is better than previous, that should raise some eyebrows This conversation is a reasonable one to have, this kind of cheating may be a good deal in the student’s eyes, but in Dante’s, it is becoming a major issue that is going

Professionalism The Roles of the Professional Nurse - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 980 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/04/12 Category Career Essay Level High school Tags: Professionalism Essay Did you like this example? Consider the following scenario: Its a hectic day in the Emergency Room (ER) and the nurses are short-staffed. A patient with a history of drug seeking is omitted to the ER and demands a narcotic to ease his back pain. The nurse who is taking care of him is irritated and yells at the patient stating, youre nothing but a drug addict! The nurse administers the drug but continues to be rude and condescending. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Professionalism: The Roles of the Professional Nurse" essay for you Create order When the nurse gets off her shift, she feels she needs to vent about her day and calls a fellow co-worker. Although the nurse names no names, she makes it obvious who the patient is. She continues to vent about how the majority of society drug seeks and believes that people who ask for a narcotic arent really in pain. The next day, the nurses supervisor calls and fires the nurse for unprofessional conduct towards a patient and for discussing private patient information to a fellow co-worker. The nurse doesnt hold herself accountable, believing she was harmless when yelling at the patient, because she still gave the pain medication anyway. She then calls the coworker and blames them for getting her fired. Obviously, this nurse had no training and a lack of education in professional boundaries. This scenario is a general example that could affect any nurse that breaches his or her professional boundaries, because there will be situations where nurses may be understaffed, a patient may be drug-seeking, and where a nurse wants to vent about their day. However, it is how the nurse conducts his or her self that is critical to maintaining professionalism and accountability in coping with such situations. According to the American Nurses Association, professionalism is defined as accountability that is rooted to an ethical and moral principle. This adheres to a nurse taking responsibility, as well as, respecting self-determination of the patient (Black, 2015). Thus, to reserve p rofessionalism, what the nurse should have done was communicate with the supervisor from the start that the unit was understaffed, as well as, build a rapport with the patient, specifically in relations to the patients pain. Also, she should have maintained self-awareness to allow for unbiased attitudes, especially in regard to discussing private information to a fellow co-worker, which should have been avoided. By following the first step in communication, the nurse could have prevented the aftermath from the beginning. I believe being a good communicator is critical when it comes to any tension in the workplace, especially in the healthcare environment because it motivates staff and builds a team working experience. Furthermore, professional boundaries set the tone between the nurse and patient communication. For example, in the scenario, the nurse over-stepped her professional boundaries by yelling at the patient due to an under-involvement in patient care, biases, and neglected patient communication. Conversing with the patient is an integral part of the nurse-patient relationship and is acknowledged as a therapeutic process that can alleviate vulnerabilities of the patient (Black, 2015). Therefore, if such a situation were to arise, I would first converse with staff, avoid stereotypical ideas, and build rapport centered around the patient, so that he or she could feel less vulnerable. Pain is subjective and ineffective pain management happens more often than not, especially for those patients who have debilitating diseases with a high tolerance to pain. Every individual experience pain and some more than others can be highly sensitive to its effects on the body. I understand that this can be a challenge in the clinical setting when assessing pain, but by focusing on individual differences, pain magnitude can be backed up by the patients health history. Incidentally, communication is key, thus inter-personal relationships with fellow colleagues involved in the patients care can support a better accurate assessment for a patients pain. This includes having the patient involved in treatment options and having the health care professionals do a continuous follow-up to be tter manage pain in the future (Glowacki, 2015); thus, these effective pain strategies can improve patient outcome and satisfaction in pain relief. When a nurse is self-aware, the nurse is able to recognize their own emotions, beliefs, and biases and how they are discerned by others (Black, 2017). I have confidence that self-awareness is one of the most important things that a nurse can attain through their profession. This type of realization comes with practice and can be mastered over time, but if it is not considered, it can be a loss of professionalism when dealing with the care of patients. This can relate to basic patient care, as well as, keeping information about that patient private. As a nursing student, it can be difficult in realizing my personal challenges that I may have as a nurse, but by starting early on basic reflective practices, I believe Ill overcome any obstacles that relate to patient care and privacy. More importantly, it is critical to avoid stereotyping and to attain non-judgmental acceptance as a nurse. In the scenario, the nurse lacked this which became her overall downfall. According to the National Council of State Boards of Nursing (2018), the nurse must examine when they feel that they are crossing a boundary with the patient, they must consider the potential implications and avoid any violations in the future. Again, knowing ones own beliefs and realizing any potential outcomes if professionalism isnt followed through, is of most importance. Overall, if situations arise where professional boundaries are tested, I consider values such as positive communication with fellow team members to be the first go-to in a problematic situation. More i mportantly, building a good rapport with ones patients is obligatory for any health care worker, because this is the groundwork for building trust with the patient, as well as, making sense of their chief complaint. Lastly, maintaining a self-awareness is imperative and I regard it as the answer to being unbiased and non-judgmental in respects to all people.

Self and Mental Abilities Free Essays

M3) Discuss the effects on self-esteem and self confidence of physical changes associated with ageing Having self-esteem and self-confidence is meaning that you have pride in yourself and having the freedom to believe in yourself and abilities. Not having self-esteem and self-confidence can have devastating effects on individuals well-being . If an older adult was to have a serious fall and harm themselves in a serious way which could affect their mobility in walking around, this could potentially make the individual isolated in their home as they could be too afraid to go outside as it may have knocked their confidence and self-esteem. We will write a custom essay sample on Self and Mental Abilities or any similar topic only for you Order Now The effects of the individual having no mobility and the lowering of self-esteem and confidence could make the individual a recluse and could also mean their mental abilities and health might become poorer as they are not being active in the community which would help them with being more social and interacting with others as well as keeping them mentally active. This could also mean that individual might become disengaged in society meaning that their ill health would get worse. Also if they were too loose their self-esteem they may not be able to get it back which would mean they still might be scared to go outside, this would mean that they may become completely isolated from society. Another physical change that could cause lower self and self confidence is if an older adult became incontinent and couldn’t control when they went to the toilet, this would cause embarrassment for the individual as they may never have experienced this problem and it may cause them to feel ashamed and bad about themselves getting older and having these physical changes happening to them which would lower their self esteem and confidence. Emotionally they also might not feel themselves and that they are losing control of their life and may feel they can’t do what they would like to do such as being a active part in the community, seeing friends and family as they may feel to self conscious to go outside as it may happen. It can also be distressing for the individual as personal hygiene is a very personal issue for someone as it may make them feel not in control as they have been which could result in them becoming isolated from everyone causing problems to get worse . How to cite Self and Mental Abilities, Papers

Learning and Development Strategy of Red Telecom Communications

Question: Discuss about the Learning and Development Strategy of Red Telecom Communications. Answer: Introduction In this report, a case study analysis will be made on the Red Telecom communications. The basic background of the organization along with the problems and how to resolve such problems with the help of the training will also be explained. The learning and the development for the intervention will also be clearly analysed along with the research of the different competencies in thee Australian market. The main aim of this report is to apply the different theoretical concepts of the L D in the analysis of the Red Telecom communication of Australia. Background of the organization The Red Telecom is an Australian organization that is well known for the different residential and the business sectors (Kunasegaran et al. 2015). The organization sells a wide range of web hosting, fibre optic internet, high speed broadband and home products. Lately, the organization underwent a restructure that has its customer service and technical divisions. Slowly the organization spread globally and out of its jurisdictions in Australia. Through different training in the cultural and the technical fields the organization has expelled in its international market. The technical division along with the customer resolution department made different levels in this organization and that slowly prospered. Later due to some internal problem in the Red Telecom organization their policies and the time-line was revised (Tiwari 2014). Analysis The basic reason to provide the development and the learning is to make sure that the employees of the orgnization carry out their roles in a proper way. Some of the training like in the cultural fields and other fields like the safety and the occupational issues are somewhat mandatory in this Red Telecom organization (Griggs et al. 2014). This organisation is very keen about its improvements in the fields of efficiency, profitability and productivity that is move beyond the mandatory training and look at more diverse learning and development activity. Development and Learning can be regarded as the source for the various competitive advantages, from where the employees has gained appropriate knowledge and skills, that is a strong argument to invest in their employees so that the benefits can be reaped (McCauley-Smith 2017). The provision for the development and the learning opportunity does not mean that the Red Telecom will become more effective and productive. There is a need to make the opportunity more appropriate in terms of the content that needs to be delivered in the add value of the employees and their organisation (Ahmad 2016). The learning and the development activity needs to be delivered in a very practical way that has practical benefits in their workplace as well. Many of the organisations just like the Red Telecom can recognize their value for providing the appropriate development and learning provision that supports the accreditations that includes the investors that is highly desirable. Prospective employees are enticed to go through the provisions that has a wide range for the development of the opportunity (Murthy 2015). Literature review The adult learning is a theory that is a synonymn for the Andragogy (Roberts and Sambrook 2014). There are few characteristics that is based on the adult learning that is quite different from the assumptions that are about the child learners. The self concept, readiness towards learning, adult learning experience and their orientation towards learning are some of the major characteristics which when adopted by the employees can make improve the quality of work in the organization that will eventually build the name of the organization. Sheehan, Garavan and Carbery (2014) stated that the training is required to be effective and worthwhile rather than the organisation developing various influencial strategies. This is consistent with almost a wide range of literature that accepts the training as the most important and recognized way in the evaluation of the key issues that is made worth to be proven. Rao, Narayana and Murty (2014) suggested that there is a need for the organisations to focus on the areas of the development and the learning process that will be made in order to reach the potential. These are not limited only to the Red Communication of Australia but all parts of the world. The importance of the training can be viewed through various relationships with the stakeholders, Slowly with time the people matures and their perspectives change from one application of the knowledge to their immediacy of the application. In this case of the Red Telecom the result is that the employees orientation towards the learning shifts from one subject to another that makes the centered ness as the subject to one of its major problem (Trehan and Rigg 2015). Competencies The Red Communications is one of the major Communication company that is operated and owned by James Ryan, a leading business man in retail marketing strategy (Sheehan, Garavan and Carbery 2014). The core competencies revolves around the other telecommunication organisations that has the process and the value chain of the other retailers. The biggest few issues that has been faced by the Red Communications, one of the leading leadership retailer is that it needs to make a drive for growth. The growing costs and the flat revenues are not completely sustainable to each other (Gibb and Wallace 2014). Literature gap The role of the training in the learning and the development can be considered as an very effective part of the system that has begun with the comprehensive training in their way for identification of the specific needs. Through a very careful identification of these needs, it can be said that the gap exists in the knowledge and the skills and use of the appropriate interventions while addressing these gaps (Jaiswal and Singh 2014). The process of the training needs analysis that can be in various forms, so that that an individual level can be discussed as a part of their performance management process (Rao 2014). This can be a discrete activity that has their own right in driving from the other organisational data. The rapid use of the staff surveys of an organisation as an example for the use of the data in making a specific area about their requiring development. There is a requirement for the attention in the training (Fuller and Unwin 2016). The training needs a complete analysis process that has a close link with the learning and the development objectives of the programs that are eventually considered a part of their training and analysis process. Conclusion From the above report, it can be stated that a complete analysis of the Red communications of Australia has been made that includes the Learning and the Development strategy. The learning and the Development strategies that includes the training has been used along with that its literature gap has also been stated. At the end, the training can be considered ass an essential part that will help the organisation through various influential ways that is beneficial to the name and long run of the Red Communications. References Fuller, A. and Unwin, L., 2016. Applying an Apprenticeship Approach to HRD: Why the Concepts of Occupation, Identity and the Organisation of Workplace Learning Still Matter. InHuman Resource Management, Innovation and Performance(pp. 66-79). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Rao, T.V., 2014.HRD audit: Evaluating the human resource function for business improvement. SAGE Publications India. Gibb, S. and Wallace, M., 2014. Soul mates or odd couples? Alignment theory and HRD.European Journal of Training and Development,38(4), pp.286-301. Jaiswal, A. and Singh, A.P., 2014. Role of HRD climate in organisational effectiveness Indian organisation. Sheehan, M., Garavan, T.N. and Carbery, R., 2014. Innovation and human resource development (HRD).European Journal of Training and Development,38(1/2), pp.2-14. Trehan, K. and Rigg, C., 2015. Critical action learning research; opportunities and challenges for HRD research and practice.Handbook of research methods on human resource development, p.155. Rao, S.A., Narayana, M.S. and Murty, T.N., 2014. Human resources development system in changing global environment-a challenging task.Abhinav-National Monthly Refereed Journal Of Research In Commerce Management (Online ISSN 2277-1166),3(1), pp.40-45. Kunasegaran, M., Kunasegaran, M., Ismail, M., Ismail, M., Mohd Rasdi, R., Mohd Rasdi, R., Arif Ismail, I., Arif Ismail, I., Ramayah, T. and Ramayah, T., 2016. Talent development environment and workplace adaptation: The mediating effects of organisational support.European Journal of Training and Development,40(6), pp.370-389. Sheehan, M., N. Garavan, T. and Carbery, R., 2014. Sustainability, corporate social responsibility and HRD.European Journal of Training and Development,38(5), pp.370-386. Roberts, G. and Sambrook, S., 2014. Social networking and HRD.Human Resource Development International,17(5), pp.577-587. Murthy, P.V.R., 2015. A study of HRD practices and their impact on organisational culture. Ahmad, M.K., 2016. Organizational Sustenance through HRD and Participative Strategies.International Journal of Multifaceted and Multilingual Studies,3(2). McCauley-Smith, C., 2017. Book review: HRD, OD, and institution building: Essays in memory of Udai Pareek. Griggs, V.M., McLaren, D., Nixon, B. and Smith, J., 2014. Placing the transfer of learning at the heart of HRD Practice. Tiwari, U., 2014. Training and Development, Job Satisfaction and HRD Climate in A Service Organisation.Asian Journal of Management,5(4), pp.431-434.

Twitch Muscle Fibers Essay Example

Twitch Muscle Fibers Paper muscle contraction Introduction For a skeletal muscle fiber to contract, a stimulus must be applied to it. The stimulus is delivered by a nerve cell, or neuron. A neuron has a threadlike process called and axon that my run 91 cm or more to a muscle. A bundle of such fibers from man different neurons composes a nerve. A neuron that stimulates muscle tissue is called a motor neuron. The motor neuron branches into terminal structures called telodendria that come into close approximation with a portion of the sarcolemma o a muscle fiber (muscle cell). The site where the neuron and muscle fiber meet is called a neuromuscular junction. At this junction the muscle fiber membrane is specialized to form a motor end plate. The sensitivity of a muscle fiber to electrical stimulation through the skin surface is largely a function of the proximity of a neuromuscular junction, the thickness of the skin, and variations in skin conductivity. An electrical stimulus that causes a muscle twitch at one spot may have no effect on muscle fibers that are only a centimeter away. Specific spots on the skin where minimal electrical stimuli cause muscle twitching are called motor points. The purpose of this exercise is to identify specific spots on the skin where these motor points are located. We will write a custom essay sample on Twitch Muscle Fibers specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Twitch Muscle Fibers specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Twitch Muscle Fibers specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer If the electrical stimulus is close enough to pain receptors (naked nerve endings) in the skin, one may experience a slight pricking sensation as the stimulus is applied. Since the skin has many of these pain receptors, this sensation is often experienced; however, a muscle twitch may or may not be produced simultaneously with the pricking sensation. Our intent will be to concentrate on the identification of motor points. Muscles are made up of functional units called motor units. Each motor unit consists of a neuron which supplies one or more muscle fibers. When a motor unit is stimulated, its muscular component will contract with all of the orce they (it) can generate, or they (it) are not contracting at all / in a given muscle there are many motor units, these units vary in their level of irritability. Tat is some will respond to a weak stimulus, while others may require a much stronger stimulus. Often the smaller units are less irritable than the larger units, therefore we often have better control when the task requires only slight strength, and we have much poorer control when greater strength is needed. The overall strength of a contraction of a muscle is the summation of the pull of the motor units operating at any one time. There are two types of summation, spatial and temporal. An increase in the strength of the overall muscle contraction due to spatial summation is brought about by increasing the strength of a stimulus which increases the number of motor units that are operating. Remember that the muscle fibers that are contracting are doing so with all of their strength. Temporal summation is brought about by increasing the rate of stimulus so that the same muscle fibers are contracting again before they have had a chance to completely relax. Each individual fiber can contract more powerfully when the stimuli arrive close together in this fashion, then it can contract in a single twitch. This may at first seem to violate the all or nothing principle. The explanation for temporal summation involves the elastic properties of muscles. Tension developed is translated through many structures. It is transmitted from the cross bridges through thick and thin filaments, across Z lines, extracellular connective tissue, muscle and bone. Each of these components has a certain amount of elasticity. Only when all of these elastic structures are taut can increasing contraction by the muscle occur. When a second stimulus occurs very close to the first the elastic structures are not yet slack and the result is the contraction is stronger than any simple muscle twitch. Temporal summation will not be studied at this time. Human muscle can be directly stimulated through the skin using a relatively strong stimulus. When stimulating skeletal muscles in this way, certain sensitive spots can be located that elicit a much greater response. These spots are called motor points. Motor points are usually located directly over the area where the nerve supplying the muscle being stimulated enters the muscles, often the belly of the muscle. IN the first part of this exercise, we will study the motor points of the hand using the isolated square wave stimulator. In the second part of this exercise we will use the Physiogrip system to study the details of a single muscle twitch which can be separated into three phases; the latent period, the period of contracting, and the period of relaxation. Refer to Chapter 10 for details of muscle physiology. We will establish the minimal or threshold stimulus required to cause your flexor pollicis brevis or flexor digitorum muscle to contract, and see the consequences of increasing the stimulus strength which increases the force of contraction due solely to spatial summation. The flexor pollicis brevis is located at the base of the thumb, if flexes and adducts the thumb, and it is innervated by the median and ulnar nerve. The flexor digitorum superficialis is located on the inside of the forearm, and while not a deep muscle, it is beneath the palmaris longus, flexor carpi radialis, pronator teres and the brachioradialis. The flexor digitorum superficialis flexes first the middle and then the proximal phalanges. This muscle is involved only in rapid, forceful flexion of the digits in grasping movements; it is not at all involved with gentle, unresisted flexion. The flexor digitorum superficialis is innervated by the muscular branch of the median nerve. The third part of this exercise will involve further analysis of the simple muscle twitch and the knee jerk reflex using the Flexicomp program. Using a transducer attached to your knee the physiology of the knee jerk reflex (an example of a monosynaptic reflex arc) will be studied. Procedure Introduction: Each experiment (motor points of the hand, Physiogrip, and Flexicomp) will be performed by the same groups of 3 students. One member will be the subject, a second will be the stimulator or apparatus operator, and the third member will be the recorder. Subject Preparation: For each procedure there will be a considerable amount of preparation. Take notes while your instructor discusses each procedure. For determining the motor points of the hand, use the abrasive pad, detergent and paper towels (or Kleenex) to thoroughly clean your hand. The superficial layers of the stratum corneum and excessive skin oils must be removed to obtain proper conductivity. Remove rings which will interfere with identification of motor points. After the skin is completely dried position the subject’s arm in a relaxed manner on the table, with palm up. Electrode gel will be applied to the areas to be tested (hand and forearm) to improve conductivity. The Physiogrip procedure involves attaching a flat electrode (with electrode gel) to the back of the hand while probing for the motor point of the flexor pollicis brevis or flexor digitorum superficialis muscles. The Flexicomp procedure involves attaching a knee jerk transducer to the knee and then properly calibrating it using onscreen directions and the help or your instructor. Stimulators: Your instructor will discuss the stimulators. Take notes. The electrical stimuli to be applied to the skin will be minimal, or threshold, must sufficient to elcit a response. The threshold stimulus is governed by duration and voltage. If the duration is too short, more voltage is required. Before starting each experiment make sure the stimulator voltage is zero. As the voltage is increased in 5-volt increments, a point will be reached when a muscle twitch will occur, or the subject will indicate a sensation of minor pain. If a twitch occurs, you have reached the minimum voltage or threshold for muscle stimulation. Stimulation process: For determining the motor points of the hand, outline your hand in the report section and record the minimum voltage required to elicit a twitch for each spot. Continue to increase the voltage and to probe the hand until 2 or more motor points have been identified or until the stimulation process becomes uncomfortable. For the Physiogrip procedure, locate the motor point for the flexor pollicis brevis or other flexor muscles of the hand muscle. Follow the onscreen directions of the computer to determine muscle twitch information. Your instructor will help you select the proper responses. For the Flexicomp a modified patellar hammer will be used to stimulate the knee. When you tap the patellar ligament a simultaneous signal will be sent to the computer. Your instructor will show you how to print out and evaluate the simple muscle twitch obtained using the Flexicomp equipment. Detailed Setup for the Physiogrip Procedure: . Put a small amount of electrode gel on the flat electrode and strap the electrode to the back of your right or left wrist. The wrist area should be cleaned with alcohol prior to attachment of the electrode. Put a small amount of electrode gel on the front of the wrist. This gel will be spread around with the stimulus electrode as you search for the flexor digitorum superficialis mo tor point. 2. Grasp the pistol grip and apply enough pressure on the trigger to lift the screen plot off the bottom of the screen. 3. Your lab instructor will show you how to analyze and print out your data. Staple your Physiogrip and Flexicomp printouts to the Lab Report #14. Label your data with the following information: a. The stimulus voltage b. The latent period and its duration in seconds c. The contraction period and its duration in seconds d. The relaxation period and its duration in seconds 1. Threshold voltages for motor points in the hand can vary from person to person. What could account for these differences in threshold voltages? The threshold voltages for motor points in the hand can vary from person to person due to the thickness of the skin, dirt on the hand, or oily hands. . Outline your hand in the space below and then for each part of the palm and fingers record the minimum voltage required to elicit a muscle twitch. [pic] A = 230 X 0. 1 = 23 mv (lumbricales) B = 350 X 0. 1 = 35 mv (Flexor Pollicis Brevis) 3. ) When a nerve cell is at rest, there is a relatively greater concentration of sodium ions on the outside of its membrane 4. ) When sodium ions are actively tra nsported outward through a nerve cell membrane, they are exchanged for K+ ions which are transported inward. 5. The difference in electrical charge between the inside and the outside of a resting nerve cell (neuron) is called the resting membrane potential. 6. ) If the resting potential becomes less negative (-70 mV toward 0) in response to stimulation, the process is called depolarizing graded potential. 7. ) Any stimulus weaker than a threshold stimulus is termed a subthreshold stimulus. 8. ) If a series of subthreshold stimuli is quickly applied to the neuron, the cumulative effect may be sufficient to initiate an impulse. This phenomenon is called temporal summation. 9. Following depolarization, potassium ions diffuse outward and cause the cell membrane to become more negative. 10. ) An action potential (or nerve impulse) is a rapid sequence of changes involving the inward movement of Na+ ions followed by the outward movement of K+ ions. 11. ) Following the passage of a nerve im pulse there is a period during which a threshold stimulus will not trigger another impulse. This period is called the refractory period. 12. ) A single nerve cell, just like a single muscle fiber, transmits an action potential according to the all or none principle. 3. ) Nodes of Ranvier (neurofibral nodes) occur between adjacent axon segments of the Schwann cell. 14. The type of nerve conduction in which and impulse jumps from node to node is called saltatory conduction. 15. ) The greater the diameter of a nerve fiber, the faster the impulse travels. 16. ) Explain in detail what physiological events are taking place during the latent period. In your discussion explain the difference between the â€Å"latent period† for the Physiogrip experiment and the â€Å"latent period† for the Flexicomp experiment. In the laboratory, a witch can be produced by direct electrical stimulation of a motor neuron or its muscle fibers. The record of a muscle contraction is called a myogram. Twitches of skeletal muscle fibers last anywhere form 20-200 Msec. This is very long compared to the brief 1-2 msec that a muscle action potential lasts. Note that a brief delay occurs between application of the stimulus and the beginning of contraction. The delay, which lasts about 2 msec, is termed the latent period. During the latent period, the muscle action potential sweeps over the sarcolemma and calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. If two stimuli are applied, one immediately after the other, the muscle will respond to the first stimulus, but not to the second. When a muscle fiber receives enough stimulation to contract, it temporarily loses its excitability and cannot respond for a time. Physiogrip: It also showed that there was a less latent period because it only interacted with the nerves to the fingers. Flexicomp: The impulse generated below the knee has to travel to the spinal cord and then reaction takes place, making the latent period longer.

Oral Report Tips for Speaking to Your Class

Oral Report Tips for Speaking to Your Class Does the thought of giving an oral report make you queasy? If so, youre not alone. People of all ages and occupations- even those with public speaking experience- feel the same way. The good news is that there are many things you can do to prepare and feel calmer during your talk. Just follow the tips below to gear up for a super performance. Tips for Presenting As with many things in life, delivering an oral report will be much easier if you take time to prepare for it. Preparation will give you confidence and help you focus on what matters when youre finally in the spotlight. Write your report to be heard, not read. There is a difference between words that are meant to be heard in your head and words that are meant to be heard out loud. Youll see this once you begin to practice what youve written, as some sentences will sound choppy or too formal.Practice your report out loud. This is very important. There will be some phrases that you will stumble over, even though they look simple. Read out loud when you practice and make changes to any phrases that stop your flow.On the morning of your report, eat something but dont drink soda. Carbonated beverages will give you dry mouth, and caffeine will affect your nerves and make you jittery. Stick to water or juice instead.Dress appropriately, and in layers. You never know whether the room will be hot or cold. Either could give you the shakes, so prepare for both.Once you stand up, take a moment to gather your thoughts or relax. Dont be afraid to give yourself a silent pause before you begin. Look through your pa per for a moment. If your heart is beating hard, this will give it an opportunity to calm down. If you do this right, it actually looks very professional, too. If you start to speak and your voice is shaky, take a pause. Clear your throat. Take a few relaxing breaths and start again.Focus on someone at the back of the room. This has a calming effect on some speakers. It may feel weird, but it doesnt look weird.Take the stage. Pretend youre a professional on TV. This gives confidence.Prepare an I dont know answer if people will be asking questions. Dont be afraid to say you dont know. You can say something like, That is a great question. Ill look into that.Have a good ending line. Avoid an awkward moment at the end by preparing a strong conclusion. Dont back away, mumbling Well, I guess thats all. Other Advice More generally, you can prepare for an oral report by deeply researching your topic and practicing your speech before a mirror or video camera. Know your topic well. If you feel confident about your knowledge, you will feel confident when it comes time to share that knowledge with others.If possible, make a practice video and watch yourself to see how you sound. Pay attention to your posture and tone of voice. If you have any nervous tics- such as saying um or ah- try to reduce them as much as you can.Dont pick the day of your report to experiment with a new style. It may give you an extra reason to feel nervous in front of a crowd.Walk up to your speaking location early to give your nerves time to calm down.

Diaspora e-Class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Diaspora e-Class - Essay Example In the middle of growing living standards, Indonesia’s education system has been improved over past years. This fact can be seen from the presence of numerous new educational institutions in Indonesia which provide international education standards. Of note is that although the total population of Indonesia is 250 million, a factor that has caused Indonesia to be the fourth largest most populous country in the world, there is only a small percentage of the Indonesian population that has managed to receive proper education. This is an indicator of the fact that most Indonesians haven’t clearly understood the prospects of their country. Indonesian students are essentially the backbone of the country. Therefore, Diaspora e-Class believes that it can make positive contributions to the country by providing impoverished Indonesian students with a proper education through the use of online education. By using the internet, it is now possible for unfortunate Indonesian students in remote area to access online education. Diaspora e-Class gathers volunteers from Indonesian students studying abroad to motivate as well as teach English to students from impoverished schools in Indonesia. The Indonesian school system is rather quite diverse and immense. With an estimated over 2.6 million teachers serving over 50 million students across more than 250,000 schools in different locations within the country, Indonesia’s school system is considered to be the third largest education system within the Asian region and the fourth largest education system globally. The rate of enrollment in primary schools located in poor districts is below 60%, a percentage with compares negatively to that of enrollment within well-off districts that tend to have universal enrolment. Although Indonesia has managed to make an impressive recovery after

Halifax Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Halifax - Case Study Example Correspondingly, proper planning becomes quite crucial to ensure the sustainability of the tourism sector. Planning in the tourism sector can be done in various different levels including the national and the local level among the prime. In these different levels, concerned authorities in tourism destination involve in the process of development of individual sectors along with enhancing the prevailing services and facilities among others. This is done with the intention to structure the destination as per the needs and demands of the potential visitors (Angelfire, 2014). Contextually, this particular discussion will mainly intend to present and determine pertinent plans for Halifax Canada as a tourism destination that can facilitate to attract utmost level of global visitors. Halifax is one of the most renowned cities of Canada which has places and features that can encourage people to visit the same. This particular tourism planning report will mainly intend to evaluate the destina tion i.e. Halifax in order to identify its resources of tourism along with a few of the other attributes that are vital to attract tourists. The goals of the tourism authority of Halifax are to present the place as one of the best tourism destination of the Canada. The sector is quite beneficial for the economy growth of the place and the authorities intends to assure maximum efficacy in the same so that positive results can be ascertained. Contextually, the planning of the concerned authorities include assuring utmost development and sustainability of the tourism sector of Halifax and attract potential visitors towards the place and gain positive experience in their leisure time (Nova Scotia, 2011). It has been noted that there are certain features of a particular destination that attract people to visit the same and spend their leisure time. Contextually, the place i.e. Halifax has certain environmental attributes along with

The Honeys Learning Cycle Nursing Essay

The Honeys Learning Cycle Nursing Essay This essay will discuss why I think an understanding of learning styles is useful to the student nurse by focusing on reflection using the Honeys learning cycle and how it helps to demonstrate the importance of recognising ones learning styles. It will provide an understanding of learning and theories of learning. It will also discuss my dominant learning style and how I will develop an aspect of my weaker style to support my learning process on the programme. For the student nurse to understand and identify their learning style, he or she has to understand the theories of learning. Gould, J. (2009) stated that different theorists will have different ideas as to what constitutes learning and different arguments and evidence to support their position. Learning has so many definitions. Learning can be defined in various ways depending on whether one is focusing on learning as an internal process or one is thinking of learning as a series of external inputs and output. Since there is no simple way to define learning, I would describe learning as the process of acquiring, interpreting and understanding information through various ways at any place and given time such as life experiences, formal and informal education. Therefore, learning can be described as an input, process and product. Peter honey (2006) described learning as a skill that needs to be consciously reviewed and developed. Pavlov (1927) and Skinner (1953) used the behaviourist approach to establish that learning is a change in behaviour brought about by some action or experience. (Cited by Gould Jim, 2009). From a cognitive perspective, learning can be defined as a change in cognitive structures; the way in which we perceive events and organise experiences to arrive at an understanding. (Gould Jim p 46). Eysenck and keane (2005) states that learning is concerned with the internal process of the environment, and deciding what action might be appropriate. Many researchers have adopted Kolbs (1976) experiential learning theory and applied it to different educational areas because it explains more about the learning theory. It is useful for the student nurse to familiarise ones self with the learning cycle, as it helps to understand the process of learning. Peter Honeys learning cycle suggests that we learn through an experience, but only if we process or interpret the experience and make sense of it. These can be done by following the stages of the learning cycle which includes having an experience, reviewing the experience and planning the next step. For instance when the student nurse goes on placement, one is expected to adhere to the necessary nursing midwifery code of conduct by delivering effective and quality care. To do this, one has to reflect on ways to develop new skills and ways do things differently. For example, Mr Y made a complaint that your level of communication is poor. To reflect on the situation, review the experie nce you had with Mr Y by asking yourself what you did wrong and observe the way your colleagues, mentor and other healthcare workers communicate with other patients. Then focus on the differences you observed between the way you and your mentor approached the patient. And conclude by learning what your mentor did differently e.g body language, tone, speech, good eye level. One has to have critical thinking skill in order to be able reflect on experiences (p.25). Moons (2008) states that critical thinking for us is a process, where different information is gathered, sifted, synthesised and evaluated, in order to understand a subject. He went on to suggest that the ability of a nurse to think critically will enable the nurse to function as a knowledgeable doer i.e. someone who selects, combines, judges and uses information in order to proceed in a professional manner. (Cited by bob p.8.) Bob argued that reflection is a process whereby experience is examined in ways that give meaning to interactions. Therefore, the student nurse has to evaluate and understand the subject or experience before he or she interprets it. The learning cycle can begin at any one of the four points and it should be approached as a continuous process since the four stages of the learning cycle are mutually dependent on another (Honey 2006 p.6.) People have preferences for everything. Since individuals learn at different rates and in different ways, there is a very high possibility that they would have a preferred style or way of learning. Learning styles are the preferred ways we perceive and interact to the various elements and in any learning situation. Different things affect the way we learn e.g. background, culture, religion etc. For example some students enjoy listening to a lecture and making their own notes, while others who also enjoy listening to the lecture prefer to have handouts to read at a later time. Peter honey identified four main learning style preferences. These learning styles include activist, reflector, pragmatist and theorist. Since most people develop strategies to help cope with studies and work, it is important for the student nurse to recognise ones learning styles or methods in order to maximise the way one will learn. Learning style preferences influence the way a student responds to the learning opportunities within any educational experience and affects their ability to direct their own learning. (Oshea, 2003). Our preferred style of learning influences the way one will tend to organise and present information. Student nurses will find understanding learning styles useful because it will help improve their skills in placement or in their future nursing career by broadening their repertoire. Recently, it has been established that nurses who want to specialise in areas require a broad skill base involving advanced technical expertise, critical thinking, communication, leadership and motivation, computer literacy and cultural sensitivity (Bechtel et al 1999). Recognising ones learning style encourages the student nurse to reflect and learn from any experience one might face during practice placement and also, enable the student nurse to create ways of doing things differently and better if the experience were to happen again. Frankel, A.  (2009)  stated that a skilled and competent workforce ensures patient safety, and will be able to recognise and respond to clinical need more appropriately. Awareness of ones learning style allows one to learn at best whether learning is taking place in the classroom or at placement. Terry (2001) stated that learning styles and the promotion of effective learning environments have been a focus of research for many decades (cited by Wetzig 2004 p.2). According to (Frankel 2009) study, the ability to learn, understand, interpret and then apply learning to practice has a significant impact on delivering effective clinical care. The student nurse is always faced with different challenges or experiences in placement; it is therefore the responsibility of the student nurse to reflect on his or her role during placement. This process is called reflection on action (evaluation) and reflection in action (decision making). Evidence suggests that through improving students awareness of their own learning style, they are better able to take responsibility for their own learning, which leads to improved learning outcomes (Fritz 2002). It is also the responsibility of the student nurse to work alongside the mentor and other health care workers to maximise ones potential. The literature review according to (Frankel 2009) supports the view that consideration for individual learning styles is fundamental in designing effective training programmes and that learning is a key concept and value which underpins nursing and its development. Kolb (1984) identified four distinct learning styles based on a four-stage learning cycle. Building on Kolbs work, Honey (2006) developed the Learning Styles Questionnaire to help identify ones learning style. Using the learning style questionnaire (Honey, 2006), I have been able to identify my learning styles as a theorist and reflector because these are the best ways am able to learn new things or skills. My dominant learning styles emerged after completing the questionnaire, my highest overall score (10) was for the Theorist category, these indicates my dominant learning style, while, the reflector category represents my predominant learning style. I believe these findings to be true as I am able to remember or visualise ideas in my head from diagrams, tables and mind maps. I take thorough notes in lectures and when studying textbooks and I usually study better by myself. As a reflector, I like to think and look at a situation from different perspectives before taking any action. I am always quiet and always try to listen attentively in order to grasp what the teacher is saying. Researching and reviewing information carefully has always been my way of study before coming to any conclusions or decisions. I was also able to identify my weaker styles as an activist and pragmatist. Knowing my underutilised learning style can help me as a student nurse to get the necessary help I require and to undertake activities to develop the weaker learning style. Honey (2006) argued the best learners are equally comfortable with all the stages in the learning cycle. Therefore, it is important to strengthen ones weaker styles to be able to learn as whole because having preferences can lead to distortions. Cottrell (2003) advises that whether you discover that you have a learning style preference or not, it may change because we are adaptable creatures (cited by davis Nicholas p.8). Effective learners make full use of their dominant preferences, while also developing and acquiring useful features from their underutilised styles. In nursing, learning occurs best in practice by preparing oneself to undertake other learning styles such as reflecting on the experience you had in placement. This will enable the student nurse to make the most out of the experience. (Nicola p.80). As a student nurse, my learning occurs both in the university and within practice, so I need to be prepared to learn in more than one way. I will consider investing more time and energy in the parts of the learning cycle that I am least comfortable with. I will ensure that I am aware of the activities that both an activist and a pragmatist will learn best and least from. The ways to strengthen my activist style is by taking calculated risk, increasing my tolerance for spontaneity and trying out different ways of doing things, while the ways to strengthen my pragmatist style is by being realistic, exploring new ideas and judging the usefulness of ideas based on practicality. I will also seek for help and support from the university and course tutor.

The great mortality

While there is much that is not known about the great pestilence which struck Europe most savagely in 1348 to 1350, this much can be said: in all of human history, there has never been a most devastating event. The modern analysis of surviving records indicates that the mortality rate throughout Europe averaged at least 50 percent. In the course of three years, one of every two human beings died, victims of a plague for which there was no effective remedy.In most communities, the pestilence struck and killed within a few months while sweeping on to other communities, making the impact of the staggering death toll all the more devastating. . A good deal has been written about this pestilence, and John Aberth makes an admirable contribution with his small book, The Black Death: The Great Mortality of 1348-1350: A Brief History with Documents. Most of this book is documents from the period of the great pestilence, and these give insight into the suffering that swept across Europe during this period.When Aberth does interject comments, his observations are brief but thoroughly prescient. One of Aberth’s finest pieces is his comment on one of the great mysteries of the disease which destroyed so much of Europe. (Aberth 23-27) We do not know what it was. As Aberth notes, the term now commonly used for this disease, the Black Death, was not used by contemporaries. It was first coined in the sixteenth century. (Aberth 1) The modern reason for describing this disease as an outbreak of the Bubonic Plague is the outbreak of a similar, if much less devastating pestilence in Asia in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.(Aberth 1, 23; Herlihy 20-21) During that plague, microbiologists isolated a bacterium as the cause of the outbreak, and given the similarity of symptoms, historians posit that the pestilence that devastated Europe in 1348 to 1350 was a variety of the same plague. (Aberth 23-25) Aberth does a fine job of reviewing the strengths and the weakn esses of the modern discussion, including issues about the temperature at which plague-bearing fleas flourish (Aberth 25-26), and also the strengths and weaknesses of his medieval sources (Aberth 24-27) .After all, knowing nothing of bacteriology and painfully little about the behavior of fleas and rats, medieval chroniclers were could hardly predict what modern scientists would like to know about the details of the disease their forebears encountered. As Aberth concludes, there are several problems with the conclusion that the pestilence of 1348 was the bubonic plague, but there are even greater difficulties with any alternative explanation that has been offered. (Aberth 26-27)Part of the difficulty with the notion that the pestilence was the bubonic plague lies with the fact that the flea which commonly carries the plague bacillus prefers to inhabit rats rather than humans, and will abandon the rat only when it dies of the plague and its body begins to cool. (ABerth 25-26; Herlihy 21-23) Reflecting this fact, modern outbreaks of the bubonic plague have been marked by the widespread death of rats. Albert Camus mentions this occurrence as the first sign of the arrival of the pestilence in his novel, The Plague.While some medieval sources do mention the widespread death of rats, it is not widely mentioned. However, the failure of these sources to mention a particular occurrence is questionable evidence from which to argue that something did not occur. For a wide variety of reasons, medieval chroniclers may not have connected the death of rats with the outbreak of the plague. Aberth also mentions that fleas can hide for long periods of time in grain, one of the items frequently carried along the routes which the plague followed.(Aberth 25-27; Ziegler 16, Horrax 7-8), Another difficulty which modern scholars have encountered is that the symptoms of the plague as described in the medieval documents do not match closely the symptoms noted in early twentieth century victims of the plague. Here Aberth shows his understanding of the complex scientific literature in the field, noting that plague bacillus has been shown to have a remarkable capacity for mutation, so that it is quite possible that what swept through Europe wasa particularly virulent mutation of the plague, a strain causing symptom somewhat different from those encountered in modern pandemics. (Aberth 26) The effects of the plague have been debated almost since they first occurred. Some historians contend that, especially in England, the plague so reduced that number of available laborers as to raise their standard of living as employers had to compete for their services.Here again, Aberth outdoes many other writers, by showing that variety and complexity of the economic responses to the devastating loss of population. In some areas, such as Egypt, the plague seems to have caused comparatively little change in economic relationships. (Aberth 67-70) In England, as noted, the conditio n of the lower classes gradually improved, and eventually, the true feudal system of serfs bond to the land fell away under the strain of the economic forces unleashed by the shift in the population.Aberth also acknowledges that the plague prompted many labor-saving inventions which helped improve the lot of the common folk, but adds a very sound admonition: any social or economic gain that cost the lives of half of the continent’s population must be hailed with considerable caution. (Aberth 68-70) In this analysis, Aberth again shows a good deal more subtlety and sophistication than many other historians who have tried to view the effects of the plague along more straightforward, if somewhat simplistic lines.In one of the noted revisionist essays, David Herlihy, for example, contended that Europe prior to the plague had reached a Malthusian breaking point: the population had expanded to the point where it was exhausting food production, and its continued geometric expansion versus the arithmetic expansion of the food supply had created a crisis. By greatly reducing the population, the plague alleviated this crisis while stimulating a wide range of inventions which eventually made much great food production possible.(Herlihy 31-39, 46-57) While not dismissing this interpretation, Aberth shows that it cannot explain the economic and social developments that occurred throughout Europe. These developments were sufficiently varied that no single theory can consistently bind them all together. (Aberth 69-70; Zeigler 203-09) While economic developments in the wake of the plague might be classified as â€Å"rational† responses to the pestilence, Aberth allows dwells on the hysterical responses, which took two primary forms: pogroms against the Jews and the flagellants.These two phenomena sometimes were related, as the flagellants blamed Jews for the outbreak of the plague, but also finds the phenomena occurring separately. The flagellants marked a parti cularly strange form of hysteria, organizing themselves into bands of zealots who carried the mortification of the flesh to gruesome lengths. With their belief that they alone had found the way to satisfy a wrathful God, they represented a break with the authority of the Catholic Church, something that led to their excommunication and their suppression by both religious and secular authorities.(Aberth 117-20;Zeigler 62-81) In a brief final chapter, Aberth considers how the plague altered the European conception of death. Here he notes some of the artistic changes that came about in the wake of th plague, including the appearance of â€Å"transi† tombs, which he describes as â€Å"a variation on tomb monuments by substituting or contrasting a skeletal and rotting cadaver to the idealized life-like portrait of the patron.† (Aberth 169) One example of this is the tomb of Francois de la Sarra, on which the arms crossed over the chest are covered with worms and four frogs o r toads sit on the face, covering the mouth and eyes. (Aberth 166, doc. 44) Another curious document that he presents is the :Disputacioun betwyx the Body and Wormes,† in which a noblewoman’s body argues with the worms that gnaw away the flesh after her death. (Aberth 176-78, doc. 46) The great majority of this book is made up of documentary selections, and Aberth has chosen his sources well.His introductory comments show the significance of each document, . and he notes grimly that many of those who tried to chronicle the plague fell victim to its ravages. He also shows the sad state of knowledge, in which the great medical faculty of the University of Paris, considered one of the leading centers of learning in its day, could find no better cause for the plague than the conjunction of the planets Jupiter, Saturn, and Mars in Aquarius in 1345.(Aberth 41-42) While many authorities, Christian and Muslim, agreed that the plague was highly contagious, medical science was se veral hundred years from advancing any theory which would explain contagion in any credible way, and even farther from effecting a cure. The contradictory advice, the irrelevance of many proposed cures, and the gruesome stress on blood-letting show the sad state of medical knowledge at that time. (Aberth 45-66) Perhaps the grimmest aspect of these documents are the many comments showing the collapse of hope and human compassion during this terrible disease.Time and again, there is the repeated refrain of abandonment. With the disease almost invariably fatal, once a person was stricken, relatives and acquaintance would flee rather than risk being afflicted. Over and over, the documents reflect this in a litany of abandonment, (Aberth 33-34,54, 76) There has been no later pandemic on the order of the pestilence of 1348 to 1350. By comparison, deaths due to AIDS/HIV would have to increase more than a thousandfold to equal the slaughter that the plague inflicted.One can only hope that n o such pandemic recurs. SOURCES USED: Aberth, John. The Black Death: the Great Mortality of 1348-1350 (New York, New York: Palgrave McMillion, 2005). Camus, Albert. The Plague. (New York, New York: Vintage Books 1991). Herlihy, David. The Black Death and the Transformation of the West. (Cambridge, Massachusetts,L Harvard University Press, 1997). Horraxs, Rosemary. The Black Death (Manchester England: Manchester University Press, 1994). Ziegler, Philip. The Black Death. (Thrupp, Gloucestershire, England: Sutton Publishing 1969).

Three Major Concerns of a Driver

Three Major Concerns of a Driver When driving, there are many concerns drivers should be aware of. These concerns make driving safer for anyone on the road. The three major concerns I am going to talk about today are road conditions, following distance, and speed. These are only a few of the many concerns a driver should have when driving. Driving is not safe therfore you must take it as serious as possible. If a driver ignores these concerns there will be consequences whether it is by the law or a fatal collision. The first concern drivers should have while driving is for the conditon of the road. Road conditions change on a daily basis due to the weather and the time of day. A good driver knows that if it is raining or snowing outside the roads will be slick. Therfore they should drive not only slower but also more cautious. Another factor that effects the condition of the road is the kind of road. Rural roads tend to be more narrow and less maintained so you shoud look out for pot holes. Each kind of road should be treated differently because they all have different dangers. My second concern is it is important for a driver to have a safe distance between you and the next car, this is known as your following distance. This is a very important concern to have. I was effected by this about three months ago when i reared ended another driver due to not having anough distance between me and the next car. Surprisingly I am thankful for the accident because I am now a very safe and cautious driver. Your fallowing distance at twenty-five mph should be two to three car lengths between you and the car in front of you. Your following distance should increase one car length for every ten mph. A driver who fails to follow these facts will sooner or later end up in rear end accident just like I did, but the results could be much much worse. The last major concern a driver should have that I am going to talk about is speed. Speed is defined as the rate of change. When talking about automobiles speed is a very seriouse topic. As you increase your speed in any vehicle you have to be aware of the increase in change of things around you and need to be able to react faster to these changes. When speed is abused nothing good can come from it. Many accidents occur because of an individual who was speeding and or loses contoll due to speeding. In conclusion, drivers need to be constanty concerned of their surroundings. Speed road conditions and following distance are only three of the many concerns a driver should have. Driving is not a game or a right it is a very seriouse priviledg. Many people think if you wear your saftey belt and dont speed you'll be ok. The fact of the matter is that driving is NOT safe! Certain cars make driving safe but there are always unavoidable dangers while driving. If you are constantly awar of these dangers then you will be a much safer driver and have a lesser chance of being one of the unluckey people who get into any kind of accident.

Swot Analysis And General Report On The New Jica Organisation Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4509 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? In this report more analysis about aspects of New JICA organisation has been clearly and in deep explored. The introduction part has covered about the Aim of this case study, the Background of JICA organisation covering its evolution starting where the organisation was first found. The use of SWOT analysis as a tool of evaluating the performance of the organisation has been in large covered where also the recommendations have been pointed out to cope with the organisations internal weakness and its external threats Also this report has covered the area of the organisation structure, importance of organisation structure, advantages and disadvantages of each type of structure and the organisation structure used by the New JICA. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Swot Analysis And General Report On The New Jica Organisation Business Essay" essay for you Create order Also this report has explained the concept of management change, the meaning of change, principle of change, how to affect the management of change in the organisation. The last part cover the conclusion and recommendation of case study. CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction 1.1 THE AIM OF THE REPORT The aim of this report is to determine whether the objectives of NEW JICA have been archived particularly in Tanzania. The action plans for Tanzania development as well the precise understanding of the development needs of Tanzania through supervision of country office and the close support of JICA Regional Strategy unit for Africa (RSA). The Creation and promotion of sustained and stable growth of economy and poverty reduction by support of development policy ( MKUKUTA that means The national strategy for growth and reduction of poverty 2005-2010 ).New JICA help Tanzania to promote productivity and competitiveness by supporting the development of agriculture and infrastructure, good governance through financial management systems and public administrative development. Also JICA uses different aid modalities like loan, grants, technical cooperation such as training and dispatch of volunteers to different area of field in order to archive its targeted objectives JICA will boos t the impact in the following approach. A more planned structure focus on average to long term development goal More expected aid functioning rolling plans of candidate projects for individual developing countries Speeder project formulation through preliminary survey Assistance tailored to actual requirements synergy of aid schemes 1.2 COMPANY BACKGROUND Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) is an organisation which was established since August 1974 and undergoes some organisational reforms which lead to formation of Independence administrative Institution from the special public institution. All these was possible after the passage of the law for partial amendment (November 2006) from the Japan International Cooperation Agency law. This influences the thousands of (Japanese Overseas Cooperation Volunteers) JOCV to volunteer in different activities around the world. 1.3 JICA RESEARCH INSTITUTE JICA established the JICA Research Institute (JICA-RI) to improve research function on development by drawing on its abundant field experience and to contribute to research findings and leading consultation on global development support. 1.4 NEW JICA Was officially launched on October 1, 2008 with combination/ integration between the existing Japanese International cooperation Agency and the overseas economic cooperation section of the Bank for the cooperation (JBIC) The figure below illustrate the combination of different organisation hence the formulation of NEW JICA Figure 1 1.5 JICA TANZANIA In Tanzani JICA was established since 1980 with basic objective of cooperation in various aspects that aimed into supporting the self initiatives of Tanzania citizens in archiving their social and economic development vision 2020 and 2025 as well the Tanzania growth strategy and poverty reduction (MKUKUTA-The national strategy for growth and reduction of poverty 2005-2010) JICA concentrated on field oriented management, human security and effectiveness, efficiency and speed as the target of the organisational change. JICA also has overseas offices in Africa, Asia, Latin America, Oceania, Middle East, and Europe. These overseas offices has facilitated smooth operation, hence the authority for decision making have been moved to these offices with an aim to ensure the flexible response to the widely varied needs of developing countries. According to article of 30 years of JICA Tanzania office (1980-2010) there is some project which was implemented as shown below Figure 2 F igure 3 The Africa office is located in Nairobi Kenya which was established since October 2009 and become the Regional strategy unit for Africa (RSA) with aim to smoothen JICA operation in the region as well to ensure the flexible response to the widely varied needs of developing countries. This office has been given the authority in order to strengthen activities in project formulation, monitoring and evaluation as well the aid strategy in sub Sahara office. 1.6 JICA OPERATING STRATEGIES To undertake the mixing of management modalities of backing, that is Technical cooperation ODA loan Grant aid Such elements will provide inclusive support such as policy and institutional improvements, improvement of infrastructure, human resource development and capacity building Encouraging development affiliation through precisely grasping of demanding needs of developing countries that spotlight on the field and promoting their own self help effort promptly and through a focus on results. JICA has also promoted the joint venture between public and private sectors so that they can contribute to the experience, technologies, resource of local government, non government organisation and other actors. Enhancing research and knowledge chipping in through the use of JICA Research Institute, NEW JICA will use the understanding acquired in the field of work, building extensive networks of academic from Japan and elsewhere around the world. also to take part in a leadi ng role in guiding the most recent development trends, improve research and knowledge sharing capacities VISION Inclusive development represents an approach to development that stimulate individual to be conscious of the development matter they themselves face, participate in addressing them, and gain from the fruits of such activities. The role of JICA is to offer the successfully backing on this process. Dynamic development refers to the organization of self reinforcing virtuous cycle of mid to long term economic growth and poverty cutback in constantly shifting environment of developing countries where different issues happen simultaneously and get entangled each other. New JICA will offer creative, highly successful support in the direction of archiving the objective MISSION Addressing the global Agenda. The advancement of globalisation brings positive effects, speeding up economic development and providing individual with new opportunities. Also it has the negative side such as the issue of climate change, infectious diseases, terrorism and the raise of economic crises. New JICA will make full use of experience and technologies as it concert with international society to deal with the different globalisation interconnected issues that the developing countries are facing in comprehensive manner. Reduction of poverty through equitable growth JICA will help to shrink the poverty to the society through promoting employment opportunities, providing education health care to the society while JICA supply support for provision of social and economic infrastructure, capacity building, and perfection of policy as well the support in terms of human resource improvement. Improving governance JICA play a very important role to the stable economic development of developing countries. However the undeveloped legal and juridical system and administrative organs symbolize obstacles to efforts and decrease poverty through economic growth. Archiving human security The advancement of globalisation imposes many people in dangers like civil trouble, disasters, poverty and other threats. Human security helps to build abilities to protect themselves against an assortment of threats. New JICA present support bolsters social and institutional ability to deal with threats themselves. Bellow figure illustrate the vision, mission and strategy of New JICA Figure 4 SWOT ANALYISIS FOR NEW JICA STRENTH: Efficient and transparent procedure- JICA overseeing and evaluate operations professionally and transparently and remain constant committed to renewing and streamlining organisation by maintaining high level of accountability. Tackling complex , difficult issues flexibly with the field based approach- JICA accurately grasp the development needs on the ground and design activities with their focus on the field , they deal flexibly with complex, difficult and knotted development issues Fostering expertise for providing professional solution JICA specialised in international cooperation, they perform international competitive work and using expertise and knowledge sharing capabilities to quickly and accurately address wide range of development issues. Archiving synergies of the merger- by smoothly combining diverse and modalities, we make use of our synergies by speeding up the old process, scaling them out in other regions communities. WEAKNESS Poor planning- which caused by unchanged aid policy as well the biasness Lack of human security against threats like civil war , terrorism Lack of sustainable development due to escalation of conflict in various part of Africa and Asia like Somalia, Darfur, Afghanistan Lack of incorporated support infrastructure and human capacity development OPPORTUNITIES ODA offer loan assistance to developing countries beyond a certain income by providing low interest long term and concessional fund JICA provide Grant Aid for counties which have low income levels without the requirement of repayment; grant can be used for recovering essential infrastructure such as schools, water supply, hospital, roads facilities, health and medical care. Dispatch of expertise and provisional of compulsory equipments and guidance JICA dispatch volunteers from (JOCV) handle project via the JICA finance and improvement of education. JICA work together with NGOS , local government , universities, and other stake holders JICA in case of the happening of a large scale tragedy, JICA dispatches Japanese catastrophe relief team in reaction from the government affected. example rescue of lost people, support and medical management THREATS Declining of foreign support which has been decreasing by 40% in last few years. This give hard global situation including the Japan itself and it has become difficult to turn round the trend in merely financial terms. Constantly the assistance from ODA (Office Development Assistance) continues to go down. In coming decade Africa will be one of the most affected regions by climate change. This is due to extensive spread of poverty , drought, unbalanced land allocation Some counties in Africa are likely to face severe water scarcity in the next three decade. Misuse of fund and corruption on fund allocated for projects. CHAPTER TWO 2.0 ORGANISATION STRUCTURE According to Mullins (2005: 596) defined the organisation structure as the pattern of relationships among positions in the organisation and among members of organisation. Structure makes possible the application of the process of human management and creates framework of order and command through which the activities of organisation can be planned, organised, directed and controlled. The structure defines tasks and responsibilities, work roles and relationships, and channel of communication. With the increase size of organisation, there is greater need for carefully designed and purposeful form of organisation, also continual review of structure to ensure that it is the most appropriate form for the particular organisation and in keeping with its growth and development. 2.2 TYPES OF ORGANISATION STRUCTURE According to Fontaine (2007) argued that Organisation structure is crucial component of the overall business strategy, just as important as planning, leading and controlling an organisation. Organisation structure is the frame work for answering the following questions; how do we organise jobs into department? Who does what and who report to whom in the chain of command. Some organisation consider their organisation chart as confidential, while other organisation do not and dare to post their organisation chart on the public accessible website. The most common organisation structures are as follows: Functional structure Divisional structure Matrix structure Horizontal linked structure 2.3 FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE: Is the way organisations support themselves into a range of department example productions, sales, research and development and accounting department. Advantages of functional organisation structure It tolerate the decision making and give management control in the administration encourage individual profession path through assuming decision making Functional structure inspire stability and efficiency Disadvantages of functional organisation structure It leading to inter departments conflict and poor communication Staff will have a preference to classify themselves with their department or section but not with the organisation. Communication and alliance between the department is hard 2.4 DIVISIONAL STRUCTURE Divisional structure is not formulated on the grouping of people according to their skill rather in placing them according to their similar abilities where they are required in the organisation. Advantages of Divisional structure are Due to answerability , the reaction to customer is excellent Divisional structure can facilitate to stimulate managerial skills and executive skills, since staff are concerned to all other functions Disadvantages of Divisional structure There is decline of specialisation as well the professional skills Due to departments performing the same odd jobs within the administration, there is redundant of effort and resources. 2.5 MATRIX STRUCTURE Matrix structure involves the combination of functional and divisional structure, but yet the matrix operation remains in its own unique style. The manager of each project does not have possession of employees at all. He is accountable to manage his staff from their functional area in so that to monitor his project from conception to finishing point Advantages of matrix structure It is very well-organized especially when resources are limited Project can start quickly since there is no need to employ workforce from outside Cross functional skills to employees due to their attachment in various projects Disadvantages of Matrix structure Employees turn out to be upset and puzzled with chain of command ( who is the head of department or project manager) The project manager may apply for the best project support workforce from organisation as the results can be the root of competitions matrix structure is the most challenging and stressful than others 2.6 HORIZONTAL LINKED STRUCURE A horizontally linked structure groups people along the value of chain of process that produce market, and service the firms offering. 5.0 The figure below illustrate the horizontal organisation structure RUN BUILD PLAN 2.7 DIMENSION OF ORGANISATION STRUCTURE According to Fontaine (2007) argued that think of any organisation structure and visualise an organisation chart in two dimensions. There is vertical dimension in which the organisation is considered to be either a Tall or Flat structure and there is the Horizontal dimension in which an organisation is considered to be either wide or Narrow The vertical dimension organisational structure The vertical dimension basically describe who is in charge of who is in charge of whom and who is responsible for decision making inside the organisation. It is hierarchy of authority and within it we find the span of control Broader span of control and fewer levels of authority results in a flat hierarchical structure while the narrow span of control and more level of authority results in tall hierarchical structure 6.0 7 The figures below illustrate the Tall and Flat structures. Tall Organisation structure has (5) five number of level while the span of control is (2) two. The above structure represents TALL STRUCTURE Flat organisation structure has (6) level of span Control, while the number of level is (3) three. The figure above represents FLAT STRUCTURE 2.8 SPAN OF CONTROL: According to Mullins (2007. 577, 5780) explains that the Span of control arises in line authority and refers to the number of subordinates who report directly to a manager or supervisor. V.A. Graicuna developed a mathematical formula for the span control. The limitation of the number of subordinate who can efficiently be supervised is based on the total of the direct and cross relationships. R= n (2n /n + n-1) Where n represent the number of subordinate,R is the number of interrelationships. Factors that influencing span of control Span of control can be affected by the following factors: The nature of organisation , the complication of the work and the likeness of functions and the scope of tasks The amount of time the manager has accessible from other activities to use up with subordinates The availability and training of subordinate staff, the strength of their motivation and commitment and the extent of direction and guidance needed. The usefulness of coordination and the nature of communication and control systems. The physical place or geographical spread of subordinates The length of scalar chain this implies that if the span of control is too wide will create the following problems; it will become not easy to administer the subordinate successfully and cause further stress to the manager, they may be short of time to carry out all activities properly, limited opportunities for encouragement and may lead to slowness to take on change or the introduction of new change or process. A lso if the span of control is too narrow may present the trouble of coordination and uniformity in decision making that obstruct effective communication across the organisation. Narrow span of control increases administration costs and may lead to extra level of authority Need for a balanced structure The combination of span of control and chain of command determines the overall pyramid shape of the organisation whether the hierarchical structure is flat or tall 2.9 ORGANISATION STRUCTURE USED BY NEW JICA Figure 8 below represent organisation chart of jica The New JICA operates its activities in a well selected structure which suits its unique strategy of operation and management activities. The organisation is considered to have 14 span of control (regional strategy unit for Africa) (RSA) therefore the structure is Tall with Matrix organisation structure. This is due to decentralisation approach which is applied, where some of decision making are carried out by regional office (RSA) instead of head office in Japan. The channel of communication is highly structured and is open to allow flow of information Advantage of matrix structure It is well-organized especially when resources are limited The project can be quickly established because there are sufficient staffs Cross functional skills to employees are encouraged They deal with numerous projects Working with and learning from other professional with variety of skills Disadvantages of matrix structure It leads to confusion and disappointment to employees due to approach used that is chain of command and order. It can lead to conflict due to observation of deadline Recommendations Since the advantages of matrix organisation structure exceeded the disadvantages, it is wise to keep on use this organisation structure because it is more efficient than others. It is an environment in which the individual excel Matrix combine functional structure and divisional structure, but at the end it operate like neither CHAPTER THREE 3.0 ORGANISATION CULTURE AND BEHAVIOUR According to Cook, C et al (1997, p 112) defined organization culture as the fundamental assumption people share about an organizations values , beliefs, norms, symbols, language , rituals and myths. All of the expressive elements that gives meaning to organization membership and are accepted as guide to behaviour. Organizational Behaviour (OB) is the learning and application of knowledge in relation to how people, individuals, and groups perform in organizations. It interprets people organization affairs in terms of the entire person, entire group, entire organization, and entire social system. Its intention is to build better relationships by achieving individual objectives, organizational objectives, and public objectives. The following are the JICA organization culture: According to capacity development handbook for JICA staff (2004) urged that JICA staff, especially those in the regional departments at the headquarters and at the field offices, have the important role to play in ensuring that JICAS programs/projects support partner countries capacity development process. Staff must have a broad knowledge and understanding of the country context including the latest status of development and the direction such as economic liberalisation and governance reforms. JICA staff needs to have the vision of JICA in cooperation in the capacity development process such as, when and how JICA can contribute to the process. With such broad knowledge and understanding, the staff will be able to ensure the relevance and effectiveness of JICA programs and projects through all its stages. JICA staff is responsible for appraising appropriate project objectives and approaches (which approach is appropriate for each recipient, how large the scale should be, and when the cooperation should start.) JICA staff is responsible for appraising appropriate project objectives and approaches (which approach is appropriate for each recipient, how large the scale should be, and when the cooperation should start.) Addressing the universal agenda of climate change , water, food, energy, infectious diseases and financing JICA fight to reduce poverty of an individual all over the world through inclusive and equitable growth. Networking JICA has a network of 17 domestic offices and 96 overseas bureaus and has undertaken missions in approximately 150 countries Efforts to support the independence of individuals with physical disabilities by reinforcing message and sign language in partnership with physically disabled alumni Motivate employees and communication between superior and subordinate staff. CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 MANAGEMENT OF CHANGE 4.1 What is Change Management? Change management is a set of processes engaged to make sure that important changes are implemented in a controlled and organized manner. One of the objectives of change management is the arrangement of people and culture with considered shifts in the organisation, to defeat opposition to change in order to boost engagement and the attainment of the organisations goal for successful change. Achieving sustainable change begins with apparent considerate of the present situation of the organisation, followed by the execution of suitable and targeted strategies. The centre of change management is on the result the change will create the new activities that must be understood. Change processes regularly relate to a task and/or structural change. A broad change management approach should show the way to the required objectives and generate a sense of ownership, facilitate 4.2 Leading and managing change The implementation of any major change process often succeeds or fails because of the leadership of that change procedure. Leadership engages people to make, adjust and meet the demands of the predictable future. Management plays a vital part in creation and make changes happen, it motivate the doing. Leadership encourages the change; it is what energises the hearts and minds of staff and develop and build ability to act in response to future change Leadership and management are two distinct and complimentary systems of action. Each has its own function and characteristic (Kotter, 1999:51).The table below outlines some of the characteristics essential to driving significant change initiatives at JICA Managers Leaders Implement the vision Plan, budget and organise the team Maintain order and system Manage the impact of change Measure day-to-day Control and problem solve Contribute to teams Seek step-by-step improvement Create the vision Align people and inspire them Create and build processes Create change proactively Keep the values visible Collaborate Motivate and inspire Continue to challenge the status quo 4.3 Why is organisational change difficult to accomplish? According to Mckinsey (2006) and Thomson (1998) argues that People are afraid of the unknown, many think things are fine the way they are and dont understand the need of change. Recognising the need to change and acting on it can be difficult decision for leaders and manager to make. Resistance is a natural defence mechanism for those losing something. The closer we are to something or someone the greater the grief or loss. The resistance can be due to loss of security, money, pride or satisfaction, friends, freedom, responsibility, good working conditions, status lack of respect, objectionable manner, negative attitude, personal criticism, not having had input, bad timing, challenge to authority or second hand information. Change must absorb the people and must not be imposed upon the people. If the organisation imposes new stuff on people there will be difficulties due to participation, involvement and open, early and full communication are the important factors. People and team need to be empowered to find their own solutions and responses with facilitation and support from managers and tolerance and compassion from the leaders and executive. 4.4 Change management principles At all times involve and agree support from people within system (system = environment, processes, culture, relationships, behaviours, etc., whether personal or organisational). Understand where you/the organisation is at the moment. Understand where you want to be, when, why, and what the measures will be for having got there. Plan development towards above No.iii in appropriate achievable measurable stages. Communicate, involve, enable and facilitate involvement from people, as early and openly and as fully as is possible. 4.5 John P Kotters eight steps to successful change John P Kotter (b 1947) is a professor and leading thinker and author on organizational change management at Harvard University. Kotters highly regarded books Leading Change (1995) and The Heart of Change (2002) explain a supportive model for understanding and managing change. Each stage acknowledges a key principle identified by Kotter relating to peoples response and approach to change, in which people see, feel and then change. Kotters eight step change model can be summarised as: Increase urgency inspire people to move, make objectives real and relevant. Build the guiding team get the right people in place with the right emotional commitment, and the right mix of skills and levels. Get the vision right get the team to establish a simple vision and strategy focus on emotional and creative aspects necessary to drive service and efficiency. Communicate for buy-in Involve as many people as possible, communicate the essentials, simply, and to appeal and respond to peoples needs. De-clutter communications make technology work for you rather than against. Empowers action Remove obstacles, enable constructive feedback and lots of support from leaders reward and recognise progress and achievements. Create short-term wins Set aims that are easy to achieve in bite-size chunks. Manageable numbers of initiatives. Finish current stages before starting new ones. Dont let up Foster and encourage determination and persistence ongoing change enc ourage ongoing progress reporting highlight achieved and future milestones. Make change stick Reinforce the value of successful change via recruitment, promotion, and new change leaders. Weave change into culture 4.6 JICA AND MANAGEMENT OF CHANGE JICA reforms was stared since October 2003, when was public announced as the independent administrative institution. The reforms was intended specifically in organisational and operations for the purpose of implementing aid activities more successful and resourceful The integration of the existing JICA and the overseas economic cooperation section of the Japan Bank for international cooperation (JBIC) result into formulation of New JICA. The new JICA is headed by Mrs Sadako Ogata who was formally the head of UN Refugees Agency (UNHCR) between 1991-2000 Formulation of new JICA increases the number of its operation through establishment of 17 domestic offices and 96 overseas offices while the number of projects increased up to 150 projects worldwide. The changes has lead to the establishment of New JICA Research Institute that enhances research activities on development by drawing on its abundant field knowledge and to contribute to research result and leading dialogue on in ternational development support. The reforms of the JICA focus on integration of 3 schemes of Japan development assistance Technical assistance Concessionary loan extended by (JBI) for overseas economic cooperation operation Grant Aid with no obligation for repayment New JICA impact the changes in the following manner To focus on medium and long term development through encouragement of public and private partnerships, pooling of resources as well the experience and technologies. Predictable aid; operational rolling plans of current project for a particular developing country. JICA play role of strengthening partnership with international organisations and other donor to widen the framework for development assistance. Speedier project formulation: seamless identification through preparatory survey JICA offer support in ways that finest match the stage of development in every recipient nation, taking a long term perspective and present seamless support to ensure sustainable growth into the future. Assistance tailored to real need synergy of three (3) aid schemes CHAPTER FIVE RECOMENDATION AND CONCLUSION .